Catholic
Church in Vietnam with 470 years of
Evangelization
The
following article is available at Religious Education Congress in Anaheim
Convention Center in the section displaying Vietnamese Activities and it is distributed
to general public who are attending the Congress. Our purpose is to give a
general view about the Catholic Church in Vietnam
1. The beginning stage of Catholic
Faith in Vietnam
Vietnam is a long, narrow country in
the shape of S alphabet, located along the Pacific Ocean and separated from the
rest of the peninsula by mountain ranges and hill country. It is surrounded by
China on the north, and by Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia on the west. Early
inhabitants came from China or migrated over the mountain ranges from India.
Catholicism came to Vietnam from of
European missionaries during the sixteenth century. Before Christianity was
introduced, Vietnamese worship centered on several religions. Animism, a form
of natural religion, taught that nature is filled with spirits, who are most
evident in natural phenomena--rivers, mountains, oceans, and celestial bodies.
Ancestors worshippers have been common religion for many Vietnamese, who honor
their ancestors of which the ritual is influenced by Chinese. The arrival of
Buddhism from India in the sixth century B.C., subsequently mixed with Taoism,
a religious-philosophical system, and finally with Confucianism in a reformed
mode. This form of syncretism religion was ingrained in the Vietnamese culture
for almost two millennia before Christ.
Recorded history of Catholicism in
Vietnam was as the followings: According to the Royal Vietnamese Annals: “in
the year of Nguyên Ḥa (1533), under the reign of King Lê Trang Tông, there was
a decree already in existence that banned Christianity. The decree mentioned
the name of an European individual, Ignatio, who by seaway had landed and
preached the religion at Ninh Cường and
Quỳnh
Anh Villages, district Nam Chân” (present Nam Định). The
document did not mention his congregation, but probably Ignatio belonged to a
religious order. Based on the fact that the above decree had been issued before 1533 it
is understandable to presume that the Good News of Jesus Christ had been
preached before that year of 1533 on the soil of Vietnam. Therefore, it was a
very important year in the history of the Vietnamese Catholic Church.In the
very early stage of the Vietnamese Church, the missionaries traveled all over
the country. They came from different European countries via neighboring
countries such as the Philippine Islands, Malacca, Macao, Japan,... They were
accompanied by European merchants and belonged to a variety of congregations:
Society of Jesus (SJ), Dominican Fathers (OP), Order of the Minor Friars of St.
Francis (Franciscans, ofm) and the Foreign Mission of Paris (MEP).
2. The Challenging and Persecution
Period
<-- Phat Diem Cathedral
The seed of the Gospel was sowed into
Vietnam with the new waves of commercial ventures of Europeans. In the
beginning there was an acceptance and in tranquility, and sometimes with
curiosity about the Western culture and religion. But frightening storms arose
because of misunderstanding that those who followed Western Religion would
denied their traditional customs and not loyal to the Royal Court. There began
persecutions and innumerable arrests, imprisonments and killings have clouded
the sky of the Church throughout 4 centuries, under three dynasties. 130,000
Vietnamese Catholics have shed their blood to defend their faith, braving all
kinds of tortures and sufferings such as cruel execution, exile, property
confiscation, refuge in jungle, local discrimination, hostility from authority,
misunderstanding from their compatriots, even their relatives,... Somehow at
that time, their death sentence had already been marked at the very moment they
received baptism.
But “the blood of the martyrs is the
seeds of Christians” as Tertullian reminded us in the first century of the
Christianity proved to be true in Vietnamese situation.
The first seminary in Vietnam was
established in 1665 and from there that the first Vietnamese priests were
ordained: Father Joseph Trang (March 1668), Fathers John Huệ
and Benedict Hiền
(August 1668). Thanks to these Vietnamese clergy and the zeal of European missionaries
that the Church made a tremendous inroad into Vietnamese society, even amidst
many trials and
difficulties.
By 1802, the Vietnamese Catholic Church
was considered to have had a sufficiently stable structure with 3 dioceses as
follows:
• Diocese of Eastern North Vietnam:
140,000 members, 41 Vietnamese priests, 4 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
• Diocese of Western North Vietnam:
120,000 members, 65 Vietnamese priests, 46 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
• Diocese of Central and South Vietnam: 60,000
members, 15 Vietnamese priests, 5 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
At the first years of 19th century, the
Vietnamese Church was composed of 320,000 believers, 119 Vietnamese priests, 15
missionary priests and 3 foreign bishops. The constant increase of followers as
well as a wide development of evangelization have led to the consecration of
the first Vietnamese bishop, Most Reverend John Baptist Nguyễn
Bá Ṭng, on June 11, 1933 at St. Peter’ Basilica by Pope Pius XI who installed
him as the coadjutor bishop of Phát Diệm with the right of succession.
3. Establishement of Hierarchy of the
Church in Vietnam
A memorable event in the history of the
Church of Vietnam occurred on November 24, 1960 when Pope John XXIII issued a decree
to establish the hierarchy of the Church at Vietnam that consisted of 3
archdioceses: Hà Nội, Huế, Sài G̣n, and 17 dioceses: Lạng Sơn, Hải
Pḥng và Bắc
Ninh, Hưng
Hóa, Thái B́nh, Bùi Chu, Phát Diệm, Thanh Hóa, Vinh, Qui Nhơn, Nha Trang, Kontum, Vĩnh
Long, Cần
Thơ, Đà
Lạt,
Mỹ
Tho và Long Xuyên.
Hà Nội
Cathedral -->
Consequently in 1976, the Holy See elevated Archbishop
Joseph Mary Trịnh Như Khuê as the first Vietnamese cardinal. Succeeding
him in 1979 was Joseph Mary Cardinal Trịnh Văn Căn, and
on October 30, 1994, Paul Joseph Cardinal Phạm Đ́nh
Tung. The other Vietnamese Cardinal
that well known to everyone is Cardinal Nguyên văn Thuân,
who was imprisoned by the Communist regime from 1975-1988, nine years of which
he spent in solitary confinement. He was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical
Council for Justice and Peace, and then made President on 24 June 1998. On February 21, 2001 he
was elevated to the College of Cardinals by the Holy Father, Pope John Paul II.
And as recently as October 21, 2003, the Archbishop John Baptist Pham Minh Mẫn
of Saigon Archdiocese was elevated by Pope John Paull II to the College of the Cardinals.
The Church of Vietnam was born and grew
up in persecution and in the blood of the holy Vietnamese Martyrs, even today,
many Catholics are still suffering trials and persecution under atheist
Vietnamese Communist Regime. More than 130,000 heroic ancestors of ours
courageously sacrificed their lives to defend their strong faith to Jesus
Christ. On Sunday, June 19, 1998, at the St. Peter Square, Pope John Paul II
solemnly canonized 117 Vietnamese Blessed Martyrs: 8 bishops, 50 priests, 16
catechists, 1 seminarian and 41 laymen and 1 laywoman. Their feast day is to be
celebrated on November 24.
With all those glorious accomplishments
and efforts in evangelization, the Catholic Church of Vietnam deserves to be
called "the eldest daughter" of the Church of Asia.
4. The Catholic Church in Vietnam at
Present Time
Across the country, despite the constitutional
guarantee of religious freedom, the Vietnamese Communist Party and its
government continue their policy of systematic elimination of all organized
religions. The Vietnamese communist government has repeatedly rejected
Vatican-appointed Bishops for vacant ‘sede’. Meanwhile, the training and
ordaining of new clergy to fill position left opened by priests who have passed
away continues to be severely restricted and Church facilities continue to be
confiscated by the government. For the last two years, there have been some
openness to different kind of religious activities of the Church. At the
present time, we have 25 dioceses. And here are some statistical numbers
summary:
• 8 millions of Vietnamese Catholics in
the population of 86 millions)
• 2,200 parishes in 25 dioceses
• 2,900 priests
• 1,500 religious men
• 10,000 religious women
• 1,500 seminarians
• 40,000 catechists
• 100,000 baptism every year
• 30,000 new catechumen every year
Source: Vietnamese National Bishops
Conference
The Vietnamese Catholics in the United
States
In the aftermath of the Communist
takeover of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975, the world witnessed an outpouring
of refugees in small makeshift vessels, even oil drums strung together--none considered
sea-worthy. The first wave of Vietnamese refugees numbered about 160,000
persons. Between 1970 and 1987, the number of so-called "boat
people," was estimated to be approximately 600,000. They defied death and
risked their lives on the high seas to escape the unimaginably brutal and
inhuman treatment of the Communists. An estimated forty-five percent died at
sea; many women were captured by pirates who molested them.
<-- Phú Cam Cathedral
According to the 1990 Census, over
fifty percent of Vietnamese refugees were settled in California, and 100,000
went to Texas. Arizona, Illinois, Florida, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Louisiana,
Colorado, New York…In these Vietnamese enclaves, Vietnamese Catholics have
formed communities among themselves for the sake of cultural and religious
practices.
By 1989, the Orderly Departure Process
(ODP) was initiated, which decreed that only immediate family members--spouses,
parents and unmarried children--were qualified to enter the United States.
Also, the Amerasian Children Program, and finally the Humanitarian Program (HO)
for former political prisoners. It is estimated that as a result of these
programs, over one million Vietnamese now live in the United States. Of this
number, approximately twenty-seven percent or 300,000 Vietnamese are Catholic.
Among the refugee population many are
priests, religious, and brothers. Among the first wave of refugees,
approximately 200 priests and 250 sisters who escaped were able to minister
with their people. These priests and religious were a great benefit to the
refugees because as they moved out of the transit camps, the priests and
religious went with them to take care of their spiritual needs. Vocations to
the priesthood from the Vietnamese-American communities grew rapidly so that by
2004, about 450 more priests were ordained and about 1,000 sisters entered the
Vietnamese religious orders in the United States to minister in their
communities.
In 1980, at the first convention of
Vietnamese Catholics, the Vietnamese Catholic Federation was formed with Rev.
Joseph Tinh as its first president. The Vietnamese Community of Clergy and
Religious, formed earlier in 1968, was merged with the federation. Up to now, 6
Vietnamese Catholic National Conventions were organized to bring Vietnamese
Catholics in USA together, and the last convention was organized in June 2003
in Orange County, California.
Some dioceses have responded to the
pastoral needs of the Vietnamese by creating personal parishes, of which there
are now 34 in the United States. Many dioceses established Vietnamese
Apostolate Centers, many of which have now been phased out. All of these
pastoral models have been organized for the care of seventy-five percent of
Vietnamese Catholics; the remaining twenty-five percent or 70,000 Catholics
live and worship in small scattered communities.
Saigon Cathedral -->
On April 24, 2003, Pope John Paul II
has appointed Monsignor Dominic Mai Thanh Lương, as the first
Vietnamese Bishop in USA with Titular Bishop of Cebarades and Auxiliary Bishop
of Orange, California.
Like other people who have migrated to
the United States, the Vietnamese bring with them special characteristics of
their own culture. These characteristics help them preserve the foundations of
their family and spiritual life and contribute to making the American culture
more beautiful. In their liturgical life, these characteristics also help
Vietnamese Catholics preserve and practice their faith in a stable way while
adjusting to life in this new land.
Until now, although living in the
United States, most Vietnamese have continued to adhere to the structure of the
extended family to form one family unit. Each person must respect and obey his
or her elders, staying together and supporting one another. This way of life has
a permanent effect on the liturgical life of Vietnamese Catholics.
While adjusting to U.S. culture,
Vietnamese Catholics have preserved their faith and made significant and steady
progress in evangelization because of the development of pastoral activities
that embrace their own culture. This has resulted in strong family unity and
sound academic achievement by their children. More and more, they are
participating in and contributing to the life of the local community.
Our Lady of La Vang
Our Lady of La Vang is the central and
national shrine of Vietnam, approximately 60 kilometers from the former capital
Huê. During the great persecution (1798-1801) many Christians took refuge in
the jungle situated in proximity of Quang Tri, a village in central Vietnam,
where they experienced hunger and sickness, and prepared themselves for
martyrdom. One day, as the community was assembled in prayer, the figure of a
lady surrounded by abundant lights, appeared to them. She presented herself as
the Mother of God, encouraged and consoled them, and gave them a special sign
of her loving care. She advised the people to use the leaves of the fern to
treat their ailments, and promised them to receive their prayers with maternal
generosity. All who would congregate on this site to pray would be heard and their petitions
granted. Mary appeared on several occasions at the same site.
Our Lady of La Vang statue
After the persecution in 1802, the
Catholics left their jungle hiding places and returned to their villages. However,
the story of the apparition and its message was passed on. In 1820 a chapel was
built at the apparition site. From 1820-1885 still another wave of persecution
decimated the Catholic faithful. In 1885 the chapel in honor of Our Lady of La
Vang was destroyed by a fanatic. A new chapel was built between 1886 and
consecrated in 1901. Soon it was no longer able to hold the many pilgrims to La
Vang, and in 1923 a new and bigger church was erected. It was consecrated in
August 22, 1928. in the presence of 20,000 pilgrims. Every three years a
national pilgrimage was organized for the whole country which was to have a
special meaning even after the separation of South and North. In 1959 La Vang
was officially declared a national shrine, marking the 300 years of the
Church's presence in Vietnam. The Church of La Vang was made a basilica minor
in 1961.
The Holy Father recently said that:
"In visiting the shrine of Our Lady of La Vang, who is so loved by the
Vietnamese faithful, pilgrims come to entrust to her their joys and sorrows,
their hopes and sufferings. In this way, they call on God and become
intercessors for their families and nation, asking the Lord to infuse in the
heart of all people feelings of peace, fraternity and solidarity, so that all
the Vietnamese will be more united every day in the construction of a world
based on essential spiritual and moral values, where each one will be
recognized because of his dignity as a son of God, and be able go in freedom
and as a son toward the Father of Heaven, 'rich in mercy' ".
Rev. John Trần
Công Nghị
-- VietCatholic.Net
2004 Religious Education Congress in
Anaheim