libya
about
libya
official
name: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
capital:
Tripoli
head of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-Qaddafi
state: military dictatorship
population: 5.6
million
independence:
languages: Arabic, Italian, English
religion: Sunni Muslim 97%
currency: Libyan dinar (LYD)
media: NA
legal
wise
status
of homosexuality: illegal
age of consent: NA
laws covering
homosexual activity: Section 407(4) of the Penal Code criminalizes homosexual
acts with 3 to 5 years' imprisonment.
Jehoeda Soefer provides the following
detailed account of the revision of the Penal Code after the 1969 coup which brought
Colonel Gaddafi to power: "In 1953 Libya enacted a Penal Code based upon
an Egyptian model (thus, via the Italian Code, influenced by the Code Napoleon)....The
'old' Article 407 of the Penal Code had provided for for punishment of imprisonment
of up to 10 years for acts committed by force, deceit, or with minors or mental
defectives; in 1973 it was changed by provision VIII/1, and now states: "Whoever
has intercourse with a person with his consent will be punished with his partner
by imprisonment of not more than 5 years." In the Arabic version of the addition
the penalisation of consensual intercourse is sexually neutral. Presumably, this
provision will cover sodomy, as Article 410 was deleted; it had penalised sodomy
only where the offenders had committed the act publicly or had been apprehended
in flagrante delicto.
Article 408 of the Penal Code was amended by Article
VIII/2 which states: "Whoever commits an indecent act with a person with
his consent will be punished with his partner with imprisonment." Article
408 now reaches all consensual acts between adults instead of incidents of sexual
acts where there was no consent, with minors, or with mental defectives."
Jehoeda Soefer also comments on the introduction of certain Shari'a law provisions
at that time: "Law 70 (after the 1969 coup) from October 2, 1973, "Regarding
the establishment of the hadd penalty for zina modifiying some of the provisions
of the Penal Law", revives selected shari'a rules regarding fornication.
The definition of zina in Article 1 as intercourse between a man and woman who
are not bound to each other by marriage, does not include sodomy upon males".
(Arno Schmitt and Jehoeda Sofer - "Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males
in Moslem Societies")
It
appears from Sofer's text (although not confirmed explicitly) that sex between
women is also illegal.
Homosexual acts, or attempted acts by members of the armed forces, are prohibited
under Section 114 of the Military Code of 1974 with a penalty of up to 5 years'
imprisonment.
Source: ILGA
background information and government attitudes: 9.95: At UN 4th Conference
on Women in Beijing opposed the (unsuccessful) proposal for inclusion of references
to "sexual orientation" in the draft "Platform for Action"
Voted against granting ILGA consultative status at the UN in January
2002.
Libyan citizens are still not able to influence politics or the political
process in any meaningful way, and the state demands total conformity. Political
parties are banned, and there are no genuinely independent civil society organizations,
although a few individual voices are beginning to try to challenge the status
quo. The media, like all other institutions, remain totally dominated by the state.
Paralegal organizations
such as the Revolutionary Committees Movement continue to spread fear among the
population. Although their role has been somewhat sidelined to make way for the
new reformist-minded faction who are able to engage with Western governments and
actors, they are still a very important part of Qadhafi's power base.
Despite
the adoption of a new discourse that promotes respect for human rights, the regime
continues to commit human rights abuses, and anyone daring to challenge the regime
is in danger of arrest, torture, or worse. The government continues to target
Islamists in particular, and anyone suspected of belonging to or sympathizing
with an outlawed politicized Islamic group is at risk. The judiciary is heavily
influenced by the executive, and there is no guarantee of a fair trial for anyone
suspected of a political offence.
From
Freedom House's Countries at the Crossroads: 2005 A Survey of Democratic Governance
www.freedomhouse.org/research/crossroads/2005/libya2005.pdf
communication
mainline
telephones: 380,000 (1996)
cellular telephones: NA
internet
country code: .ly
internet service providers: 1 (2000)
internet
users: 7,500 (2000)
links
and contacts
NA