The Directed Energy Directorate conducts research in three technical divisions (High Power Microwave, Laser, and Optics) with much of the work transitioned through a Technology Applications Division.

The High-Power Microwave Division is the Department of Defense’s center of excellence in this area, managing the research and development of high-power microwave technologies, including protection against an aggressor's microwave systems. Systems that can identify weapons concealed inside buildings or turn away attacking troops without using lethal force are among the technologies being worked in this Division.

The Laser Division is the United States Air Force’s center of expertise for developing high-energy laser systems for U.S. military forces. This Division performs cutting-edge research and development of transformational technologies, concentrating on semiconductor, gas, chemical, and solid-state lasers. An example of the scientific contributions made by Division scientists is the invention of the Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser, a megawatt-class laser for the Airborne Laser, used to destroy attacking ballistic missiles shortly after being launched.

The Optics Division is conducting research to improve optical and imaging systems – improving the nation’s ability to view objects in space – as well as developing technologies to accurately put high-energy laser energy on target. The Division operates the largest and most sophisticated telescope facilities in the Defense Department, conducting experiments at the Starfire Optical Range on Kirtland Air Force Base, North Oscura Peak on White Sands Missile Range, and at Hawaii’s Maui Space Surveillance Site.

The Technology Applications Division concentrates on taking the technologies being developed by the other divisions and transitioning that research to other warfighting organizations. This division monitors potential Department of Defense needs and develops opportunities for transferring directed energy systems to front-line Defense Department units.

Supporting the research is the Financial & Program Management Division, which manages the Directorate’s strategic development, and the Integration and Operations Division, which provides administrative and general support capabilities.