Katakana

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Katakana
カタカナ
Type Syllabary
Languages Japanese, Okinawan and Ainu
Time period ~800 A.D. to the present
Parent systems Kanji
 → Man'yōgana
  → Katakana
カタカナ
Sister systems Hiragana, Hentaigana
Unicode range U+30A0–U+30FF
ISO 15924 Kana
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Katakana (片仮名, カタカナ or かたかな?) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet. The word katakana means "fragmentary kana," as they are derived from components of more complex kanji.

Katakana are characterized by short straight strokes and angular corners, and are the simplest of the Japanese scripts.

There are two main systems of ordering katakana, the old-fashioned iroha ordering, and the more prevalent gojūon ordering.

Contents

[edit] Usage

In modern Japanese, katakana are most often used for transcription of words from foreign languages (called gairaigo). For example, "television" is written terebi (テレビ?). Similarly, katakana is usually used for country names and foreign place and personal names. For example America is written アメリカ Amerika (America has its own kanji (ateji) Amerika (亜米利加?) or for short, Beikoku (米国?) which literally means "Rice Country").

Katakana are also used for onomatopoeia, letters used to represent sounds, for example pinpon (ピンポン?), the "ding-dong" sound of a doorbell, would usually be written in katakana.

Technical and scientific terms, such as the names of animal and plant species and minerals are also commonly written in katakana.

Katakana are also often, but not always, used for transcription of Japanese company names. For example Suzuki is written スズキ, and Toyota is written トヨタ. Katakana are also used for emphasis, especially on signs, advertisements, and hoardings. For example, it is common to see ココ koko ("here"), ゴミ gomi ("trash") or メガネ megane ("glasses"), and words to be emphasized in a sentence are also sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the European usage of italics.

Pre-World War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, that is, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o.

Katakana were also used for telegrams in Japan before 1988 and before the introduction of multibyte characters in computer systems in the 1980s. Most computers used katakana instead of kanji and/or hiragana for output.

Although words borrowed from ancient Chinese are usually written in kanji, loanwords from modern Chinese dialects which are borrowed directly rather than using the Sino-Japanese on'yomi readings, are often written in katakana. Examples include

  • マージャン (麻將/麻雀), mājan (mahjong); in Mandarin májiàng
  • ウーロン茶 (烏龍茶), ūroncha (Oolong tea), from Mandarin wūlóng
  • チャーハン (炒飯), chāhan, (fried rice)
  • チャーシュー(叉焼), chāshū, from Cantonese cha siu, roast pork
  • シューマイ (焼売), shūmai, from Cantonese siu maai, a kind of dim sum.

The very common Chinese loanword ラーメン (rāmen) is rarely written with its kanji 拉麺.

There are rare cases where the opposite has occurred, with kanji forms created from words originally written in katakana. An example of this is コーヒー (kōhii), "coffee", which can be alternatively written as 珈琲. This kanji usage is occasionally employed by coffee manufacturers or coffee shops for novelty.

Katakana are sometimes used instead of hiragana as furigana to give the pronunciation of a word written in Roman characters, or for a foreign word, which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as the original.

Katakana are also sometimes used to indicate words being spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent, by foreign characters, robots etc. For example, in a manga, the speech of a foreign character or a robot may be represented by コンニチワ (konnichiwa) instead of the more usual hiragana こんにちは (konnichi wa).

Katakana are also used to indicate the on'yomi (Chinese-derived readings) of a kanji in a kanji dictionary.

Some Japanese personal names are written in katakana. This was more common in the past, hence elderly women often have katakana names.

It is very common to write words with difficult-to-read kanji in katakana. This phenomenon is often seen with medical terminology. For example, in the word "dermatology", 皮膚科, hifuka, the second kanji, 膚, is considered difficult, and thus the word hifuka is commonly written as 皮フ科 or ヒフ科 in katakana. Similarly, difficult kanji such as 癌 gan, "cancer", are often written in katakana or hiragana.

Katakana is also used for traditional musical notations, as in the Tozan-ryū of shakuhachi, and in sankyoku ensembles with koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi.

[edit] Orthography

Foreign phrases are sometimes transliterated with a middle dot called nakaguro (中黒?) or a space separating the words. However, in cases where it is assumed that the reader knows the separate gairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is not used. For example, the phrase コンピュータゲーム (konpyūta gēmu)(computer game), containing two very well-known gairaigo, is not written with a middle dot.

Katakana spelling differs slightly from hiragana. While hiragana spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana, katakana usually uses a vowel extender mark called a chōon. This mark is a short line following the direction of the text, horizontal in yokogaki, or horizontal text, and vertical in tategaki, or vertical text. However, it is more often used when writing foreign loanwords; long vowels in Japanese words written in katakana are usually written as they would be in hiragana. There are exceptions such as ローソク(蝋燭)(rōsoku)(candle) or ケータイ(携帯)(kētai)(mobile phone).

A small tsu ッ called a sokuon indicates a geminate consonant, which is represented in rōmaji by doubling the following consonant. For example, bed is written in katakana as ベッド (beddo).

The sokuon is sometimes used in places which have no equivalent in native sounds. For example, double-h in place of ch is common in German names. Bach, for example, comes out as バッハ (Bahha); Mach is マッハ (Mahha). The doubling of the "h" in Bach and Mach (or the underlying small tsu) is probably the kana that best fits those German names.

Related sounds in various languages are hard to express in Japanese, so Khrushchev becomes フルシチョフ (Furushichofu). Ali Khamenei is アリー・ハーメネイー (Arii Hāmeneii). The Japanese Wikipedia has references to イツハク・パールマン (Itsuhaku Pāruman) and イツァーク・パールマン (Itsāku Pāruman), Itzhak Perlman.

[edit] Table of katakana

This is a table of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization. The first chart sets out the standard katakana (characters in red are obsolete, and characters in green are modern additions to the katakana, used mainly to represent sounds from other languages.) Learning to read katakana is often complicated by the similarities between different characters. For example, shi シ and tsu ツ , as well as so ソ and n ン , look very similar in print except for the slant and stroke shape. (These differences are more prominent when written with an ink brush, due to the directions of the strokes.)

vowels yōon
ア a イ i ウ u エ e オ o ya yu yo
カ ka キ ki ク ku ケ ke コ ko キャ kya キュ kyu キョ kyo
サ sa シ shi ス su セ se ソ so シャ sha シュ shu ショ sho
タ ta チ chi ツ tsu テ te ト to チャ cha チュ chu チョ cho
ナ na ニ ni ヌ nu ネ ne ノ no ニャ nya ニュ nyu ニョ nyo
ハ ha ヒ hi フ fu ヘ he ホ ho ヒャ hya ヒュ hyu ヒョ hyo
マ ma ミ mi ム mu メ me モ mo ミャ mya ミュ myu ミョ myo
ヤ ya ユ yu ヨ yo
ラ ra リ ri ル ru レ re ロ ro リャ rya リュ ryu リョ ryo
ワ wa ヰ wi ヱ we ヲ wo 1
ン n
ガ ga ギ gi グ gu ゲ ge ゴ go ギャ gya ギュ gyu ギョ gyo
ザ za ジ ji ズ zu ゼ ze ゾ zo ジャ ja ジュ ju ジョ jo
ダ da ヂ (ji) ヅ (zu) デ de ド do ヂャ (ja) ヂュ (ju) ヂョ (jo)
バ ba ビ bi ブ bu ベ be ボ bo ビャ bya ビュ byu ビョ byo
パ pa ピ pi プ pu ペ pe ポ po ピャ pya ピュ pyu ピョ pyo
(ヷ) ヴァ va (ヸ) ヴィ vi ヴ vu (ヹ) ヴェ ve (ヺ) ヴォ vo ヴャ vya ヴュ vyu ヴョ vyo
シェ she
ジェ je
チェ che
スィ si
ズィ zi
ティ ti トゥ tu テュ tyu
ディ di ドゥ du デュ dyu
ツァ tsa ツィ tsi ツェ tse ツォ tso
ファ fa フィ fi フェ fe フォ fo フュ fyu
2 yi ( 2) イェ ye
ウィ wi 2 wu ウェ we ウォ wo
(クヮ) クァ kwa クィ kwi クェ kwe クォ kwo
(グヮ) グァ gwa グィ gwi グェ gwe グォ gwo
1: ヲ ("wo") sounds the same as オ ("o"), but it's rarely used except when the corresponding hiragana has to be represented in an all-katakana environment.
2: These katakana were introduced into the education system in the early Meiji period, but never became widespread. [1] [2]

[edit] History

Katakana was developed in the early Heian Period from parts of man'yōgana characters as a form of shorthand. For example, ka カ comes from the left side of ka 加 "increase". The table below shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original Chinese character eventually became each corresponding symbol.

[edit] Computer encoding

In addition to fonts intended for Japanese text and Unicode catch-all fonts (like Arial Unicode MS), many fonts intended for Chinese text also include katakana (such as MS Song).

Katakana have two forms of encoding, halfwidth hankaku (半角?) and fullwidth zenkaku (全角?). The halfwidth forms come from JIS X 0201 originally. This includes halfwidth Katakana in right side area of ASCII. That is, most halfwidth Katakana could be represented by one byte each. In the late 1970s, two-byte character sets such as JIS X 0208 were introduced to represent Hiraganas, Kanjis and other characters. JIS_X_0208 has its own Katakana area independently of one-byte character set such as JIS_X_0201. Katakana of JIS_X_0208 takes two-byte (at least), so many (especially old) devices output these Katakanas as two-byte-width. This is why Katakana of JIS_X_0201 is called halfwidth and JIS_X_0208, fullwidth. Therefore, most encodings have no halfwidth Hiragana.

Although often said to be obsolete, in fact the halfwidth katakana are still used in many systems and encodings. For example, the titles of mini discs can only be entered in ASCII or halfwidth katakana, and halfwidth katakana were commonly used in computerized cash register displays, on shop receipts, and Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles. Several popular Japanese encodings such as EUC-JP, Unicode and Shift-JIS have halfwidth Katakana code as well as fullwidth. By contrast, ISO-2022-JP has no halfwidth Katakana, and is mainly used over SMTP and NNTP. Halfwidth katakana are commonly used to save memory space.

[edit] Unicode

In Unicode, fullwidth katakana occupy code points U+30A0 to U+30FF [3]:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
30A   ゠ ァ ア ィ イ ゥ ウ ェ エ ォ オ カ ガ キ ギ ク
30B   グ ケ ゲ コ ゴ サ ザ シ ジ ス ズ セ ゼ ソ ゾ タ
30C   ダ チ ヂ ッ ツ ヅ テ デ ト ド ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ ハ
30D   バ パ ヒ ビ ピ フ ブ プ ヘ ベ ペ ホ ボ ポ マ ミ
30E   ム メ モ ャ ヤ ュ ユ ョ ヨ ラ リ ル レ ロ ヮ ワ
30F   ヰ ヱ ヲ ン ヴ ヵ ヶ ヷ ヸ ヹ ヺ ・ ー ヽ ヾ ヿ

Halfwidth equivalents to the fullwidth katakana also exist. These are encoded within the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block (U+FF00–U+FFEF) [4], starting at U+FF65 and ending at U+FF9F (characters U+FF61–U+FF64 are halfwidth punctuation marks):

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
FF6   ｠ ｡ ｢ ｣ ､ ･ ｦ ｧ ｨ ｩ ｪ ｫ ｬ ｭ ｮ ｯ
FF7   ｰ ｱ ｲ ｳ ｴ ｵ ｶ ｷ ｸ ｹ ｺ ｻ ｼ ｽ ｾ ｿ
FF8   ﾀ ﾁ ﾂ ﾃ ﾄ ﾅ ﾆ ﾇ ﾈ ﾉ ﾊ ﾋ ﾌ ﾍ ﾎ ﾏ
FF9   ﾐ ﾑ ﾒ ﾓ ﾔ ﾕ ﾖ ﾗ ﾘ ﾙ ﾚ ﾛ ﾜ ﾝ ﾞ ﾟ

Code points 32D0 to 32FE list Circled Katakana. Note: A circled ン is missing

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
32D   ㋐ ㋑ ㋒ ㋓ ㋔ ㋕ ㋖ ㋗ ㋘ ㋙ ㋚ ㋛ ㋜ ㋝ ㋞ ㋟
32E   ㋠ ㋡ ㋢ ㋣ ㋤ ㋥ ㋦ ㋧ ㋨ ㋩ ㋪ ㋫ ㋬ ㋭ ㋮ ㋯
32F   ㋰ ㋱ ㋲ ㋳ ㋴ ㋵ ㋶ ㋷ ㋸ ㋹ ㋺ ㋻ ㋼ ㋽ ㋾

[edit] Katakana for the Ainu language

Katakana is sometimes used to write the Ainu language. In Ainu language katakana usage, the consonant that comes at the end of a syllable is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant and with an arbitrary vowel. For instance "up" is represented by ウㇷ゚ (u followed by small pu). In Unicode, the Katakana Phonetic Extensions block (U+31F0–U+31FF) [5] exists for Ainu language support. These characters are used mainly for the Ainu language only:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
31F   ㇰ ㇱ ㇲ ㇳ ㇴ ㇵ ㇶ ㇷ ㇸ ㇹ ㇺ ㇻ ㇼ ㇽ ㇾ ㇿ

[edit] Example transcriptions of Katakana and foreign languages

[edit] Medicine

Original word Katakana Rōmaji
Vitamin (de) ビタミン Bitamin
Mineral (en) ミネラル Mineraru
Calcium (la) カルシウム Karushiumu
Hormone (en) ホルモン Horumon

[edit] Computing

Original word Katakana Rōmaji Kanji and other words
Mouse (en) マウス Mausu
Keyboard (en) キーボード Kiibōdo
Display (en) ディスプレイ Disupurei 画面 gamen
Pointer (en) ポインタ Pointa
Programming (en) プログラミング Puroguramingu
Software (en) ソフトウェア Sofutouea
Hardware (en) ハードウェア Hādouea
Operating system (en) オペレーティング・システム Operētingu shisutemu 基本ソフト kihonsofuto OS ōesu
Internet (en) インターネット Intānetto
Web (en) ウェブ Uebu

[edit] Names

from English names
Original word Katakana Rōmaji
John (en) ジョン Jon
George (en) ジョージ Jōji
Marie (en) マリー Marii
Michael (en) マイケル Maikeru
from German names
Maria (de) マリア Maria
Michael (de) ミハエル, ミヒャエル Mihaeru, Mihyaeru

[edit] Regions

Original word Katakana Rōmaji Kanji
America (en) アメリカ Amerika 米国 beikoku
Latin America (en) ラテンアメリカ Raten Amerika 中南米 chūnambei
Europe (pt) ヨーロッパ Yōroppa 欧州 ōshū
Asia (en) アジア Ajia 亜州 ashū
Africa (en) アフリカ Afurika 阿州 ashū
Oceania (en) オセアニア Oseania 大洋州 taiyōshū

[edit] Nations and cities

Original word Katakana Rōmaji English name Local name
New York (en) ニューヨーク Nyū Yōku
Los Angeles (en) (es) ロサンゼルス Rosanzerusu
Canada (en) カナダ Kanada
Toronto (en) トロント Toronto
Argentina (en) (es) アルゼンチン Aruzenchin
Buenos Aires (en) ブエノスアイレス Buenosu Airesu
Brazil (en) ブラジル Burajiru Brasil (pt)
London (en) ロンドン Rondon
Finland (en) フィンランド Finrando
France (fr) (en) フランス Furansu
Paris (fr) パリ Pari
Singapore (en) シンガポール Shingapōru
Deutschland (de) ドイツ Doitsu Germany (en)
Berlin (de) ベルリン Berurin
Portugal (pt) (en) ポルトガル Porutogaru
Lisbon (en) リスボン Risbon Lisboa (pt)
Lithuania (en) リトアニア Rituania Lithuania (en) Lietuva (lt)
Olanda (pt) / Holanda (pt) / Holland (nl) (en) オランダ Oranda Holland / The Netherlands (en) Holland / Nederland (nl)
Poland (en) ポーランド Pōrando Polska (pl)
Italia (it) イタリア Itaria Italy (en)
Roma (it) (lt) ローマ Rōma Rome (en)
Mexico (en) メキシコ Mekishiko Mexico (es)
Madrid (en) マドリッド Madoriddo
Russia (en) ロシア Roshia Росси́я, Rossiya (ru)
India (en) インド Indo Bhārat (hi)
Indonesia (id) インドネシア Indoneshia
Malaysia (ms) マレシア Mareshia
Seattle (en) シアトル Shiatoru
Shanghai (en) シャンハイ Shanhai 上海, Shanghai (cn)
Philippines (en) フィリピン Firipin Pilipinas (fil)

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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