Mozilla Firefox

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Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox 2 running on GNU/Linux, displaying the English Wikipedia main page
Maintainer: Mozilla Corporation / Mozilla Foundation
Stable release: 2.0.0.10  (November 26, 2007) [+/-]
Preview release: 3.0b1  (November 19, 2007) [+/-]
OS: Cross-platform
Natural language(s): Multilingual
Use: Web browser
License: Mozilla EULA for binary redistribution
Website: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/

Mozilla Firefox is a web browser project managed by the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox's source code is available under the terms of the Mozilla tri-license as free and open source software.[1] By one measure Firefox has 14.85% of the world's market share in Web browsers as of October 2007,[2][3] making it the world's second most popular browser.

Features included with Firefox are tabbed browsing, spell checker, incremental find, live bookmarking, an integrated download manager, and a search system that includes Google. A third party developer network has created add-ons which provide specialist functionality. There are more than 2,000 add-ons,[4] with the most popular including FoxyTunes (controls music players), Adblock Plus (ad blocker), StumbleUpon (website discovery), DownThemAll! (download functions) and Web Developer (web tools).[5]

Firefox is cross-platform, providing support for various versions of Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The current stable release of Firefox is version 2.0.0.10, released on 26 November 2007.[6]

Contents

History

Firefox (category)
Mozilla

Foundation • Corporation
Community / Customization

Features • Extensions (category)
Spread Firefox • Adoption • Firemonger
Forks and Related Projects

Flock • GNU IceWeasel
Portable Edition • Netscape 9
Swiftfox • Swiftweasel
Miro • Songbird
XeroBank
Origins and Lineage

Mozilla Application Suite
Netscape Communicator
Netscape Communications Corp.
The Book of Mozilla
This box: view • talk • edit
Main article: History of Mozilla Firefox

Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross began working on the Firefox project as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser.[7] To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird.[8]

The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally titled Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark issues with Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird free database software project.[9][10][11] In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. Continuing pressure from the database server's development community forced another change; on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox (Firefox for short).[12]

The Firefox project went through many versions before 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004. In addition to stability and security fixes, the Mozilla Foundation released its first major update to Firefox version 1.5 on November 29, 2005. On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Firefox 2. This version includes updates to the tabbed browsing environment, the extensions manager, the GUI, and the find, search and software update engines; a new session restore feature; inline spell checking; and an anti-phishing feature which was implemented by Google as an extension,[13][14] and later merged into the program itself.[15]

Features

Main article: Features of Mozilla Firefox

Features included with Firefox are tabbed browsing, spell checker, incremental find, live bookmarking, an integrated download manager, and a search system that includes Google. The developers of Firefox aimed to produce a browser that "just surfs the web"[16] and delivers the "best possible browsing experience to the widest possible set of people."[17]

Users can customize Firefox with extensions and themes. Mozilla maintains an add-on repository at addons.mozilla.org with nearly 2000 add-ons in it as of September 2007.[18]

Firefox provides an environment for web developers in which they can use built-in tools, such as the Error Console or the DOM Inspector, or extensions, such as Firebug.

Standards support

Firefox market share
by version[19]
Firefox 1.0 0.39 %
Firefox 1.5 0.69 %
Firefox 2 13.75 %
Total 14.83 %

Mozilla Firefox supports many web standards, including HTML, XML, XHTML, SVG 1.1 (partial)[20], CSS, ECMAScript (JavaScript), DOM, MathML, DTD, XSLT, XPath, and PNG images with alpha transparency.[21] Firefox also supports standards proposals created by the WHATWG such as client-side storage,[22][23] and canvas element.[24]

Although Firefox 2 does not pass the Acid2 standards-compliance test, development builds of Firefox 3 do.[25]

Security

Firefox uses a sandbox security model,[26] and limits scripts from accessing data from other web sites based on the same origin policy.[27] It uses SSL/TLS to protect communications with web servers using strong cryptography when using the https protocol.[28] It also provides support for web applications to use smartcards for authentication purposes.[29]

The Mozilla Foundation offers a "bug bounty" to researchers who discover severe security holes in Firefox.[30] Official guidelines for handling security vulnerabilities discourage early disclosure of vulnerabilities so as not to give potential attackers an advantage in creating exploits.[31]

Because Firefox has fewer and less severe publicly known unpatched security vulnerabilities than Internet Explorer (see Comparison of web browsers), improved security is often cited as a reason to switch from Internet Explorer to Firefox.[32][33][34][35] The Washington Post reports that exploit code for critical unpatched security vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer was available for 284 days in 2006. In comparison, exploit code for critical security vulnerabilities in Firefox was available for 9 days before Mozilla shipped a patch to remedy the problem.[36]

A 2006 Symantec study showed that although Firefox had surpassed other browsers in the number of vendor-confirmed vulnerabilities that year through September, these vulnerabilities were patched far more quickly than those found in other browsers.[37] Symantec later clarified their statement, saying that Firefox still had fewer security vulnerabilities than Internet Explorer, as counted by security researchers.[38] As of October 25, 2007, Firefox 2 has four security vulnerabilities unpatched, the most severe of which was rated "less critical" by Secunia.[39] Internet Explorer has eight security vulnerabilities unpatched, the most severe of which was rated "highly critical" by Secunia.[40]

Licensing

Firefox is free and open source software, and is tri-licensed under the Mozilla Public License (MPL), GNU General Public License (GPL), and the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).[1] These licenses permit anyone to view, modify and/or redistribute the source code, and several publicly released applications have been built on it; for example, Netscape, Flock and Songbird make use of code from Firefox.

The official end-user builds of Firefox distributed from mozilla.com are licensed under the Mozilla EULA.[41] Several elements do not fall under the scope of the tri-license and have their use restricted by the EULA, including the trademarked Firefox name and artwork, and the proprietary Talkback crash reporter. Because of this and the clickwrap agreement included in the Windows version, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) consider these builds proprietary software.[42]

In the past, Firefox was licensed solely under the MPL,[43] which the FSF criticizes for being weak copyleft; the license permits, in limited ways, proprietary derivative works. Additionally, code under the MPL cannot legally be linked with code under the GPL or the LGPL.[44][45] To address these concerns, Mozilla re-licensed Firefox under the tri-license scheme of MPL, GPL, and LGPL. Since the re-licensing, developers have been free to choose the license under which they will receive the code, to suit their intended use: GPL or LGPL linking and derivative works when one of those licenses is chosen, or MPL use (including the possibility of proprietary derivative works) if they choose the MPL.[43]

Trademark and logo issues

The generic globe logo used when Firefox is compiled without the official branding
The generic globe logo used when Firefox is compiled without the official branding

The name "Mozilla Firefox" is a registered trademark; along with the official Firefox logo, it may only be used under certain terms and conditions. Anyone may redistribute the official binaries in unmodified form and use the Firefox name and branding for such distribution, but restrictions are placed on distributions which modify the underlying source code.[46]

To allow distributions of the code without using the official branding, the Firefox source code contains a "branding switch". This switch allows the code to be compiled without the official logo and name, for example to produce a derivative work unencumbered by restrictions on the Firefox trademark (this is also often used for betas and alphas of future Firefox versions). In the unbranded compilation the trademarked logo and name are replaced with a freely distributable generic globe logo and the name of the release series from which the modified version was derived. The name "Deer Park" is used for derivatives of Firefox 1.5, "Bon Echo" for derivatives of Firefox 2.0, and "Gran Paradiso" is used for derivatives of Firefox 3.0.

Outside of certain exceptions made for "community editions", distributing modified versions of Firefox under the "Firefox" name requires explicit approval from Mozilla for the changes made to the underlying code, and requires the use of all of the official branding. For example, it is not permissible to use the name "Firefox" without also using the official logo. When the Debian project decided to stop using the official Firefox logo in 2006 (because of restrictions on its use incompatible with the project's guidelines), they were told by a representative of the Mozilla Foundation that this was not acceptable, and were asked to either comply with the published trademark guidelines or cease using the "Firefox" name in their distribution.[47] Ultimately, Debian switched to branding their modified version of Firefox "Iceweasel".

Advertising

The rapid adoption of Firefox, 100 million downloads in its first year of availability,[48] followed a series of aggressive marketing campaigns starting in 2004 with a series of events Blake Ross and Asa Dotzler called "marketing weeks".[49]

On September 12, 2004,[50] a marketing portal dubbed "Spread Firefox" (SFX) debuted along with the Firefox Preview Release, creating a centralized space for the discussion of various marketing techniques. The portal enhanced the "Get Firefox" button program, giving users "referrer points" as an incentive. The site lists the top 250 referrers. From time to time, the SFX team or SFX members launch marketing events organized at the Spread Firefox website.

The "World Firefox Day" campaign started on July 15, 2006,[51] the third anniversary of the founding of the Mozilla Foundation,[52] and ran until September 15, 2006.[53] Participants registered themselves and a friend on the website for nomination to have their names displayed on the Firefox Friends Wall, a digital wall that will be displayed at the headquarters of the Mozilla Foundation.

Market adoption

Main article: Market adoption of Mozilla Firefox
See also: Usage share of web browsers
Usage share of Mozilla Firefox over time
Usage share of Mozilla Firefox over time

Mozilla Firefox's marketshare has grown for each growth period since inception, mostly at the expense of Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer has seen a steady decline of its usage share since Firefox's release. According to Dutch web analytics firm OneStat, by June 2007, Firefox was the second-most widely used browser, with 12.72% of global usage share.[54] By September 2007, according to data made available by U.S. firm NetApplications, Firefox's market share had grown to 14.88% globally.[55]

Downloads have continued at an increasing rate since Firefox 1.0 was released in November 2004, and as of September 7, 2007 Firefox has been downloaded over 400 million times. This number does not include downloads using software updates or from third-party websites.[56] They do not represent a user count, as one download may be installed on many machines, one person may download the software multiple times or the software may be obtained from a third-party. According to Mozilla employee Asa Dotzler, Firefox had about 110 million users as of August 2007.[57]

Critical reception

Forbes.com called Firefox the best browser in a 2004 commentary piece.[58] PC World named Firefox the "product of the year" in 2005 on their "100 Best Products of 2005" list.[59] After the release of Firefox 2 and Internet Explorer 7 in 2006, PC World reviewed both and declared that Firefox was the better browser.[60] Which? Magazine named Firefox its Best Buy web browser.[61]

Internet Week ran an article in which many readers reported high memory usage in Firefox 1.5.[62] Mozilla developers said the higher memory use of Firefox 1.5 is at least partially an effect of the new fast backwards-and-forwards (FastBack) feature.[63] Other known causes of memory problems are malfunctioning extensions, such as Google Toolbar and some old versions of Adblock,[64] or plug-ins, such as older versions of Adobe Acrobat Reader.[65] When PC Magazine compared memory usage of Firefox, Opera and Internet Explorer, they found that Firefox used approximately as much memory as the other browsers.[66] Tests performed by PC World and Zimbra indicate that Firefox 2 uses less memory than Internet Explorer 7.[60][67] Firefox 3, in testing of beta 1 version, did not use less memory than version 2, although it still used less memory than Internet Explorer 7.[68]

Like other browsers, Firefox has had a number of vulnerabilities that have affected its security, although according to CERT, not as many as Internet Explorer.

Softpedia notes that Firefox takes longer to start up than other browsers,[69] which was confirmed by browser speed tests. IE 6 also launches slightly faster than Firefox on Microsoft Windows since many of its components are built into Windows and are loaded during system startup. As a workaround for the issue, a preloader application was created that loads components of Firefox on startup, similar to Internet Explorer.[70] A feature of Windows Vista called SuperFetch does a similar task of preloading Firefox if it is used often enough.

Relationship with Google

The Mozilla Corporation's relationship with Google has been noted in the media,[71][72] especially with regards to their paid referral agreement with Google. The release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 especially raised controversy.[73] By default, anti-phishing protection is enabled, based on a list that is updated by downloads to the user's computer about twice an hour from Google's server.[74] The user cannot change the data provider within the GUI,[75] and is not informed who the default data provider is. The browser also sends Google's cookie with each request for update.[76] An additional, explicitly opt-in security feature has been added to recent builds by the Mozilla Foundation. This anti-phishing feature provides live protection by checking each visited URL with Google.[77] Some Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Google's possible uses of this data, though Firefox's privacy policy states that Google may not use personal information for any purposes other than the anti-phishing protection feature.[74]

In 2005, the Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation had a combined revenue of US$52.9 million, with approximately 95 percent derived from search engine royalties.[78][79] In 2006, the Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation had a combined revenue of US$66.9 million, with approximately 90 percent derived from search engine royalties.[78][80]

Response from competition

Microsoft's head of Australian operations, Steve Vamos, stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature set of Firefox among Microsoft's users.[81]

Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox, but he has commented "so much software gets downloaded all the time, but do people actually use it?"[82] A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30, 2005 acknowledged that "competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products."[83]

Despite the cold reception from Microsoft's top management, the Internet Explorer development team does have a healthy relationship with Mozilla. They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates.[84] In 2005 Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its RSS logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the RSS feature.[85]

In August 2006, Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista,[86] which Mozilla accepted.[87]

In October 2006, as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2, the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla.[88][89]

Future developments

 This article or section contains information about computer software currently in development.
The content may change as the software development progresses.

Version 3.0

Mozilla Firefox 3 beta 1, running on Microsoft Windows XP.
Mozilla Firefox 3 beta 1, running on Microsoft Windows XP.

The development name for Mozilla Firefox 3 is Gran Paradiso.[90] The precursory releases are codenamed "Minefield", as this is the name of the trunk builds. "Gran Paradiso", like other Firefox development names, is an actual place; in this case the highest mountain group in the Graian Alps.

The development team has asked users to submit feature requests that they wish to be included in Firefox 3.[91]

On November 19th, 2007, Firefox 3 Beta 1 was released.[92] With a second beta planned for December 2007[93] and at least three total beta releases planned,[94] it is estimated that Firefox 3 will be released in early 2008.

Backend changes

One of the big changes in Firefox 3 is the implementation of Gecko 1.9, an updated layout engine. The new version fixes many bugs and implements new web APIs.[95] In particular, it will make Firefox 3 the first official release of a Mozilla browser to pass the Acid2 test, a standards-compliance test for web-page rendering.

Many of the new features are defined in the WHATWG HTML5 specification.[95] In particular, support for the controversial[96][97] "ping"[98] attribute in <a> and <area> HTML elements is implemented and enabled by default.[99] The purpose of this attribute is to allow tracking clicking on links without the disadvantages of traditional methods such as redirects and JavaScript, which can be cumbersome to implement and often slow the user from reaching their intended destination.[98][99] Another advantage over current techniques is that the user has the option of turning the "ping" feature off (although as of Firefox 3 Beta 1, it can only be turned off using about:config[100]). LWN notes that "[t]he redirect technique is arguably worse than the ping attribute".[101]

Other new features include support for offline web applications, cross-site XMLHttpRequest, and APNG support.[95]

Gecko 1.9 uses cairo as a graphics backend,[102] allowing for improved graphics performance and better consistency of look and feel on various operating systems. Because of cairo's lack of support for Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me and Windows NT (versions 4.0 and below), and because Microsoft ended support for Windows 98 and Windows Me on July 11, 2006, Firefox 3 will not run on those operating systems. Similarly, the Mac version of Firefox 3 will only run on Mac OS X 10.4 or higher,[103] but, unlike previous versions, will have a native Cocoa widget interface.[104]

Frontend changes

Work is currently in progress to make default themes for Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux [1], giving Firefox a more native look and feel on different operating systems.

Firefox 3 theme mockup for Mac OS X.
Firefox 3 theme mockup for Mac OS X.

As far as frontend changes go, Firefox will boast a brand-new redesigned download manager with built-in search. Also, a new plug-in manager is included in the add-ons menu.[105] Microformats are supported for use by software that can understand their use in documents to store content in a machine-readable form.[106]

New unfinished Firefox 3 Download Manager in Windows XP.
New unfinished Firefox 3 Download Manager in Windows XP.

The password manager in Firefox 3 will now ask the user if they would like it to remember the password after the log on attempt rather than before. By doing this users are able to avoid storing an incorrect password in the password manager after a bad log on attempt.[107]

Firefox 3 will use the new Places system for storing bookmarks and history in an SQLite backend.[108] The new system stores more information about user's history and bookmarks, in particular letting the user tag the pages. It is also used to implement improved algorithm for location bar autocomplete.[109][110]

The Mac version of Firefox supports Growl notifications, and Aqua-style form controls.

Version 4.0

On October 13, 2006, Brendan Eich, Mozilla's Chief Technology Officer, wrote about the plans for Mozilla 2.0, the platform on which Firefox 4.0 is likely to be based. These changes include improving and removing XPCOM APIs, switching to standard C++ features, just-in-time compilation with JavaScript 2 (known as the Tamarin project), tool-time and runtime security checks.[111][112]

Discontinued versions

Mozilla typically supports old versions of Firefox for six months after a new major version is available.[113]

  • Firefox 1.0 reached its end of life on April 13, 2006 with the release of version 1.0.8.[114]
  • Firefox 1.5 reached its end of life on May 30, 2007 with the release of Firefox 1.5.0.12.[115]

Awards

  • Webware 100 winner, June 2007[116]
  • PC World 100 Best Products of 2007, May 2007[117]
  • PC Magazine Editors' Choice, October 2006[118]
  • CNET Editors' Choice, October 2006[119]
  • PC World's 100 Best Products of 2006, July 2006[120]
  • PC Magazine Technical Excellence Award, Software and Development Tools category, January 2006[121]
  • PC Magazine Best of the Year Award, December 27, 2005[122]
  • PC Pro Real World Award (Mozilla Foundation), December 8, 2005[123]
  • CNET Editors' Choice, November 2005[124]
  • UK Usability Professionals' Association Award Best Software Application 2005, November 2005[125]
  • Macworld Editor's Choice with a 4.5 Mice Rating, November 2005[126]
  • Softpedia User’s Choice Award, September 2005[127]
  • TUX 2005 Readers' Choice Award, September 2005[128]
  • PC World Product of the Year, June 2005[129]
  • Forbes Best of the Web, May 2005[130]
  • PC Magazine Editor’s Choice Award, May 2005[131]

See also

 Free software Portal

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Further reading

External links

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