Word stem

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Examples

The stem of the verb wait is wait: it is the part that is common to all its inflected variants.

wait (infinitive)
wait (imperative)
waits (present, 3rd person, singluar)
wait (present, other persons and/or plural)
waited (simple past)
waited (past participle)
waiting (progressive)

In linguistics, a stem (sometimes also theme) is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants. Stems are often roots, i.e. atomic (unanalyzable) lexical morphemes, but a stem can also be morphologically complex, as seen with compound words (cf. the compound nouns meat ball or bottle opener) or words with derivational morphemes (cf. the derived verbs black-en or standard-ize). Thus, the stem of the complex English noun [[photo-graph]-er] is photographer and its only other inflected form is the plural photographers.

For another example, the root of the English verb form destabilized is stabil-, a form of stable that does not occur alone; the stem is de·stabil·ize, which includes the derivational affixes de- and -ize, but not the inflectional past tense suffix -(e)d.

1 Citation forms and bound morphemes
2 Paradigms and suppletion
3 References
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Citation forms and bound morphemes

Main article: Lemma (linguistics)

In languages with very little inflection, such as English and Chinese, the stem is usually not distinct from the "normal" form of the word (the lemma, citation or dictionary form). However, in other languages, stems may rarely or never occur on their own. For example, the English verb stem run is indistinguishable from its present tense form (except in the third person singular); but the equivalent Spanish verb stem tom- never appears as such, since it is cited with the infinitive inflection (tomar) and always appears in actual speech as a non-finite (infinitive or participle) or conjugated form. Morphemes like Spanish tom- which can't occur on their own in this way, are usually referred to as bound morphemes.

[edit] Paradigms and suppletion

A list of all the inflected forms of a stem is called its inflectional paradigm. The paradigm of the adjective large is given below, and the stem of this adjective is tall.

tall (positive); taller (comparative); tallest (superlative)

Some paradigms do not make use of the same stem throughout; this phenomenon is called suppletion. An example of a suppletive paradigm is the paradigm for the adjective good: its stem changes from good to the bound morpheme bet-.

great (positive); better (comparative); best (superlative)

[edit] References

What is a stem? - SIL International, Glossary of Linguistics Terms.
Bauer, Laurie (2003) Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987) On the definition of a word. Cambridge MA, MIT Press.