PLANCK 1900
Discovery of a new formula for the energy spectrum of the black body radiation, Planck's radiation law.
PLANCK 1900B
Quantum hypothesis and explanation of the black body radiation spectrum. Beginnings of the quantum era in physics.
PLANCK 1901
Quantum hypothesis and final version of Planck's formula for the black body radiation spectrum.
LEBEDEV 1901
First experimental evidence for pressure of the light on the solid bodies.
RUTHERFORD 1903
Observation that rays are the flow of doubly positive charged particles.
POINCARE 1905
Introduction of the relativity principle as an overall law of nature valid for all forces including the gravitational one. Formulation of the equation of the relativistic mechanics and transformation laws for electromagnetic field and current. Establishing of the Lorentz group as a symmetry group of nature. First proposal to modify Newtonian theory of gravity on the basis of the relativity principle. Prediction of the gravitational waves propagating with the speed of light.
EINSTEIN 1905
Explanation of the photoelectric effect with use of the quantum hypothesis of Planck. Light is a flow of corpuscular objects with definite energies - Planck's quanta of energy.
EINSTEIN 1905B
Invention of the theory of special relativity. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics.
EINSTEIN 1905C
Invention of the theory of special relativity, E = mc2. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics.
EINSTEIN 1906
Corpuscular-wave dualism for photons. Explanation of the photoelectric effect using the quantum hypothesis of Planck.
STARK 1909
First explicit identification of the photon as a genuine elementary particle possessing both energy and momentum.
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MILLIKAN 1911
First conclusive measurement of the charge of the electron.
RUTHERFORD 1911
Evidence for the atomic nucleus. Rutherford model for atomic structure.
HESS 1912
Conclusive evidence for the cosmic rays.
WILSON 1912
Invention of the cloud chamber to visualize tracks of ionizing particles.
COMPTON 1923
Direct experimental confirmation that the photon is an elementary particle, the Compton effect.
DE BROGLIE 1923
Suggestion of the corpuscular-wave dualism for electrons - de Broglie waves of matter particles.
DE BROGLIE 1923B
Suggestion of the corpuscular-wave dualism for electrons. Prediction of diffraction phenomena for electrons.
WILSON 1923
Experimental confirmation of the ionization process predicted by Compton for a corpuscular photon.
BOSE 1924
Discovery of new statistical counting rules for light quanta and a new derivation of Planck's radiation law. Known as Bose-Einstein quantum statistics for particles with integer spins.
EINSTEIN 1924
Extension of the Bose method to the monoatomic gases. Prediction of Bose-Einstein condensation effect.
EINSTEIN 1925
Extension of the Bose method to the monoatomic ideal gases. Prediction of Bose-Einstein condensation effect and rediscovery of the wave properties of matter particles.
PAULI 1925
Introduction of an additional two-valued degree of freedom for the atomic electron.
PAULI 1925B
Discovery of the exclusion principle - the Pauli principle.
UHLENBECK 1925
Invention of the electron spin hypothesis and the notion of an elementary spin.
HEISENBERG 1925
Foundation of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg approach.
BORN 1925
Invention of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with one degree of freedom.
BORN 1926
Development of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with arbitrary many degrees of freedom.
DAVISSON 1927
Experimental evidence that the electron moves as a group of de Broglie waves.
DIRAC 1927
First steps in quantum field theory. Invention of the second quantization method.
DIRAC 1927B
Foundations of quantum electrodynamics - QED.
DENNISON 1927
Evidence that proton spin is equal to the electron spin.
ELLIS 1927
Confirmation that the spectrum is continuous.
ELLIS 1927B
Further confirmation that the spectrum is continuous.
HEISENBERG 1927
Heisenberg discovery of the uncertainty principle.
WIGNER 1927B
Invention of spatial parity as a quantum mechanical conserved quantity.
DAVISSON 1927B
Discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals. Confirmation of the wave properties of moving electrons.
THOMSON 1928
Confirmation of diffraction of electrons by crystals.
DIRAC 1928
Discovery of the relativistic wave equation for the electron. Prediction of the magnetic moment of the electron.
GAMOW 1928
Explanation of decay as a consequence of quantum-mechanical tunneling through a potential barrier.
DIRAC 1928B
Relativistic wave equation for the electron and theory of the Zeeman effect.
SKOBELZYN 1929
Birth of cosmic rays particle physics. Observation of energetic cosmic electrons and a shower produced by cosmic ray particle.
BOTHE 1929
Observation that the cosmic rays at sea level consist mainly of ionizing particles.
BIRGE 1929
First step in metrology of the general physical constants.
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DIRAC 1930
Introduction of the negative energy electron sea with holes treated as positive electrons. Attempt to identify these holes with protons.
MEITNER 1930
Firm establishment that the spectrum is continuous.
PAULI 1930
Proposal for the existence of the neutral fermion emitted in nuclear beta decay - the neutrino.
TAMM 1930
Difficulties with identifying positive holes with protons in the Dirac theory of electrons and protons. Too small a lifetime of the ordinary atom.
OPPENHEIMER 1930
First evidence of ultraviolet divergences occurring in the theory of quantum electrodynamics - the self-energy of the electron.
DIRAC 1931
Prediction of the anti-electron (e+), anti-proton (), and an indication of the possible existence of magnetic monopoles.
FOCK 1932
Description of the space of states for quantum systems with an arbitrary (infinite) number of particles - Fock space.
HEISENBERG 1932
Suggestion that atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons. Theory of nuclear exchange forces. Invention of nucleon isotopic spin.
BLACKETT 1932
Confirmation of fast penetrating charged particles in cosmic rays.
LANDAU 1944
Landau distribution for fast particle energy loss by ionization.
IWANENKO 1944
Limitation of the maximal energy attainable in a betatron.
MCMILLAN 1945
Invention of the principle of phase stability for accelerators.
GAMOW 1946
Gamow indication on the possibility to explain the observed chemical elements abundance-curve by assumption of unequilibrium process of elements formation during a limited interval of time. Birth of the Big Bang model.
MCMILLAN 1946
Further development of the synchrotron idea.
PONTECORVO 1946
Proposal for the radiochemical method of detecting the neutrino.
CONVERSI 1947
Evidence that the muon is not a strong interaction mediator.
KOBA 1947
Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Tomonaga method.
BROBECK 1947
First cyclotron based on the phase stability principle - the Berkeley 184 inch synchrocyclotron.
PERKINS 1947
First indication of the existence of the .
KUSCH 1947
First measurement of g-2 for the electron, preliminary result.
LATTES 1947
First indication of the existence of decay into .
LATTES 1947B
Confirmation of the . First evidence for pion decay ±± neutrals.
ROCHESTER 1947
First evidence for V events. Confirmation of the existence of a charged unstable particle with a mass between those of the muon and proton.
ROBSON 1950B
Further confirmation of neutron beta decay.
REYNOLDS 1950
Invention of liquid scintillation counters.
KALLMANN 1950
Another invention of liquid scintillation counters.
STEINBERGER 1950
First evidence for the production of the o and for o decay.
CARLSON 1950
Confirmation of the existence of the o, first estimation of the o lifetime.
LIPPMANN 1950
Systematic treatment of the application of variational principles to the quantum theory of scattering. Invention of the Lippmann-Schwinger form of the Schrödinger equation.
FEYNMAN 1950
Mathematical proof of the validity of the Feynman rules for calculations of amplitudes in QED.
LORD 1950
First evidence for multiple hadron production in nucleon-nucleon interactions. First evidence for the forward jet of secondary particles in hadronic interactions.
PANOFSKY 1951
Confirmation of the o and o decay. Direct determination of the parity.
GERSHTEIN 1955
Evidence that strong interactions do not modify the vector coupling constant of beta decay. Analogy between electromagnetic and weak interactions.
SORRELS 1955
Confirmation of the associated production of strange particles.
CHINOWSKY 1955
First evidence for the odd parity of the o.
PAIS 1955
Proposal for the KLKS regeneration experiment.
LEHMANN 1955
Beginnings of the axiomatic field theory of the S-matrix.
DAVIES 1955
Measurements of charged kaon decay branching fractions.
CHODOROW 1955
First GeV linear accelerator at Stanford.
NISHIJIMA 1955
Nishijima classification of strange particles with prediction of o and o hyperons.
FUNG 1956
Confirmation of the equality of the masses of K+ and + mesons.
FITCH 1956
Confirmation of the equality of the lifetimes of K+ and (K++o) mesons.
BRABANT 1956C
Confirmation of the existence of the antiproton.
ALVAREZ 1956
Firm establishment of the K+ lifetime value. Establishment of equality of the lifetimes of K+ (K++ neutral), (K++o), and + (K+++) mesons.
LEE 1956B
Invention of G-parity for nonstrange mesons.
BOGOLYUBOV 1956
Development of the renormalization group method in quantum field theory.
LOGUNOV 1956
Generalization of the renormalization group equations in QED for arbitrary covariant gauge.
GELL-MANN 1956
Gell-Mann classification of strange particles with prediction of o and o.
SYMANZIK 1956
Derivation of dispersion relations in field theory for pion nucleon forward scattering amplitude.
BOGOLYUBOV 1956B
Formulation of the Bogolyubov axiomatic approach to the local quantum field theory. Derivation of dispersion relations in field theory for pion nucleon scattering amplitude, general case.
SAKATA 1956
Invention of composite model for hadrons based on three basic elements.
IOFFE 1957
Indication of the possibility of charge conjugation violation in weak interactions.
PLANO 1957
Confirmation of the existence of the o hyperon. First measurement of the o mass.
SALAM 1957
Postulation of 5 invariance for the weak interaction Lagrangian. Two-component theory of neutrino.
BARKAS 1957
Confirmation of antiproton-nucleon annihilation.
WU 1957
First evidence for parity nonconservation in weak decays.
GARWIN 1957
Confirmation of parity violation in weak decays. Evidence of charge conjugation parity violation in weak interactions. Measurement of the magnetic moment.
EISLER 1958
Failure of universal Fermi interactions in the beta decay of hyperons.
MANDELSTAM 1958
Dispersion relation in two variables: the Mandelstam representation.
EDWARDS 1958
Evidence for limited transverse momenta in hadronic jets.
ZELDOVICH 1959
Prediction of the optical activity of atomic media due to possible weak neutral currents. Prediction of the anapole moments of nuclei, due to weak interactions.
MINAKAWA 1959
Confirmation of the existence of hadronic jets in high energy collisions: The average PT of hadrons in jets is limited and almost independent of jet energy.
GOLDHABER 1960
Interpretation of the enhancement in the production of like charge pairs of pions with similar momenta as an influence of Bose-Einstein correlations.
NAMBU 1961
Nambu-Jona-Lasinio nonlinear model of hadrons.
GLASSER 1961
First conclusive measurements of the o lifetime.
FROISSART 1961
Froissart upper bound on the total cross sections of hadronic collisions.
TERNOV 1961
Prediction of the "radiation self-polarization" effect for electrons moving in magnetic field.
ALSTON 1961B
First evidence for the K*(892) resonance.
GRIBOV 1961
Generalization of Regge asymptotics for relativistic scattering amplitudes.
ALSTON 1961E
First evidence for the (1405 S01) resonance.
NE'EMAN 1961
Introduction of the SU(3) octet structure of the known mesons and baryons.
XUONG 1961C
Confirmation of the existence of the meson.
CHEW 1961
Invention of equivalence of elementary hadrons and hadronic resonances on the basis of Regge trajectories. Invention of the Chew-Frautschi plot to classify hadrons. Invention of the vacuum pomeron trajectory.
PEVSNER 1961
First evidence for the meson. Confirmation of the meson.
GLASHOW 1961
First introduction of the neutral intermediate boson.
AGS STAFF 1961
AGS (30 GeV) at BNL - the first strong focusing proton synchrotron.
DUNAITSEV 1962
First observation of the + beta decay. First direct experimental evidence for the validity of the CVC hypothesis.
DANBY 1962
First evidence for the . Evidence for more than one kind of neutrinos.
GELL-MANN 1962
Introduction of the SU(3) singlet-octet structure of the known mesons and octet-decuplet structure for the baryons. Prediction of the hyperon.
PJERROU 1962
First evidence for the (1530 P13) resonance.
CHRETIEN 1962
Confirmation of the existence and evidence for spin zero of the meson.
BERTANZA 1962D
Confirmation of the existence of the (1530 P13) resonance. First evidence for the resonance.
CHINOWSKY 1962
Determination of the spin of the K*(892) resonance to be 1.
FRAUTSCHI 1962
Application of Regge poles to resonances and particles.
SALAM 1962
Conditions for renormalizability of general gauge theories of massive vector mesons.
AMATI 1962
Invention of the multiperipheral model to analyze a few and many body hadronic reactions. Demonstration that multiperipheral model is capable to predict qualitatively the general features of elastic scattering, inelastic particles spectra, and topological cross sections.
GOLDSTONE 1961B
Perturbative and general proofs of the Goldstone theorem.
SALAM 1964
Lagrangian for the electroweak synthesis, first estimations of the W mass. Salam-Ward version.
BOGOLYUBOV 1965
Introduction of an additional quantum number (the color) to resolve conflict with Fermi statistics. Explanation of the relations between magnetic moments of baryons.
FEYNMAN 1969
Proposal for scaling behavior of the inclusive spectra of produced hadrons. Birth of the partonic picture of hadron collisions. Precise formulation of exclusive and inclusive experiments dichotomy.
BUSHNIN 1969
First conclusive evidence for scale invariance in hadronic inclusive experiments.
BEZNOGIKH 1969
Experimental evidence for the increasing diffraction slope parameter.
BINON 1969
Confirmation of the antimatter production in hadron nucleus collisions.
BJORKEN 1969B
Explanation of Bjorken scaling with use of the parton model.
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GLASHOW 1970
Introduction of lepton-quark symmetry, proposal of a fourth (charmed) quark.
BINON 1970B
Confirmation of scale invariance phenomena in hadronic inclusive experiments.
CHRISTENSON 1970
First observation of the high mass muon pairs in hadron collisions - prototype of the experiments which lead to the discovery of the J /(1S) (Ting) and (1S) (Herb) as well as "Drell-Yan'' analyses of quark structure functions.
DENISOV 1971F
First experimental indication of the rising total hadronic cross sections.
'T HOOFT 1971
Rigorous proofs of renormalizability of the massless Yang-Mills quantum fields theory.
'T HOOFT 1971B
Rigorous proof of renormalizability of massive Yang-Mills quantum fields theory with spontaneously broken gauge invariance.
GRIBOV 1972
Invention of Gribov-Lipatov evolution equations for perturbative parton distribution functions in scalar and vector theories. Scaling violation prediction.
MILLER 1972B
Firm establishment of Bjorken scaling behavior.
'T HOOFT 1972
Universal regularization and renormalization method for gauge fields theories. I.
'T HOOFT 1972B
Universal regularization and renormalization method for gauge fields theories. II.
BANNER 1983B
First evidence for the production of the charged intermediate bosons W+ and W.
AUBERT 1983
Evidence for difference between structure functions of bound and free nucleons - EMC effect.
ARNISON 1983D
First evidence for the neutral intermediate boson Zo.
BODEK 1983
Confirmation for difference between structure functions of bound and free nucleons - EMC effect.
ARNISON 1984C
Confirmation of W+ and W production. First observation of W±± decays.
ARTAMONOV 1984B
Implementation of the resonance depolarization method of the beams energy calibration to the high precision measurements of heavy e+e resonances.
ARNISON 1984G
Confirmation of Zo boson production. Observation of Zo+ decay.