Regular Masonic jurisdictions
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- This article deals with organization in Craft or Blue Lodge Freemasonry. See the appropriate article for information on organization in appendant Masonic bodies such as York Rite and Scottish Rite.
Regularity is the process by which individual Grand Lodges recognise one another for the purposes of allowing formal interaction at the Grand Lodge level and visitation by members of other jurisdictions.
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[edit] Regularity and its origins
[edit] History
There are a number of groupings of Masonic jurisdictions which consider themselves regular, and recognise others as regular, yet consider others to be irregular. There is no globally centralised Masonic organisational system, and therefore the criteria for regularity are not consistent across all Grand Lodges.
[edit] Antients and Moderns
The first issue on regularity arose when in 1753 a rival group of Freemasons, which called themselves Antients, formed a rival Grand Lodge to the Premier Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England, according to the Old Constitutions.[1] In 1756 Laurence Dermott (1720-1791) wrote a Constitution for the Antients, the Ahiman Rezon. Freemasons were known either as the Free and Accepted Masons (Moderns, Geomatic or Gentleman masons, Hanoverian), or Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Antients or Athol Masons, Jacobite). Antients and Moderns did not recognize each other as freemasons. The conflict would last until 1813. On 27 December 1813 (day of Saint John the Evangelist), the Act of Union united the two Grand Lodges of Freemasons (Moderns and Antients), and formed the United Grand Lodge of England, which ended this conflict.
[edit] GAOTU
In 1813, upon the union of Antients and Moderns, the UGLE had created a new Constitution, based on the Constitution of Anderson of the Moderns and the Ahiman Rezon of the Antients, which required acceptance of the Great Architect of the Universe.
The Grand Orient de France (GOdF) initially adapted its Constitution in order to comply. In 1877, however, on a proposal of the Protestant priest Frédéric Desmons at the convention of the GOdF, they removed references to the Great Architect of the Universe (GAOTU) from their Constitution.[2] The members of the convention saw their decision as a way to return to the original Constitution of James Anderson of 1723. The first two sentences of the constitution of the GOdF (in English translation) had been:
- "Its principles of Freemasonry are the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, and human solidarity. It considers liberty of conscience as an inherent right of each man and excludes no one because of his beliefs."
These became:
- "Its principles are liberty of conscience and human solidarity. It excludes no one because of his beliefs.[3]
This decision led to a schism between the Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).[4] Since the great schism of 1877 freemasonry is divided in two branches, Continental style Freemasonry and Anglo Freemasonry. These two branches are not in mutual regular amity, since most English style lodges consider Continental style lodges to be irregular.[5] The Grand Orient de France (Grand Orients) and the United Grand Lodge of England (Grand Lodges) are the basic models for each variety of freemasonry.
[edit] Present
[edit] UGLE-related jurisdictions
The largest collection of mutually recognised Grand Lodges derives its regularity from the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) based on the following criteria as used by the Home Grand Lodges (UGLE, Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland) and articulated on 4 September 1929:
- Regularity of origin is established by a duly recognised Grand Lodge or three or more regularly constituted Lodges.
- A belief in the Great Architect of the Universe and his revealed will shall be an essential qualification for membership.
- That all Initiates shall take their Obligation on or in full view of the open Volume of the Sacred Law, by which is meant the revelation from above which is binding on the conscience of the particular individual who is being initiated.
- That the membership of the Grand Lodge and individual Lodges shall be composed entirely of men; and that each Grand Lodge shall have no Masonic intercourse of any kind with mixed Lodges or bodies which admit women to membership.
- That the Grand Lodge shall have sovereign jurisdiction over Lodges under its control, i.e. that it shall be a responsible, independent, self-governing organisation, with sole and undisputed authority over the Craft or Symbolic degrees (Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master Mason) within its Jurisdiction; and shall not in any way be subject to, or divide such authority with, a Supreme Council or any other power claiming any control or supervision over those degrees.
- That the three Great Lights of Freemasonry (namely, the Volume of the Sacred Law, the Square, and the Compasses) shall always be exhibited when the Grand Lodge or its subordinate Lodges are at work, the chief of these being the Volume of the Sacred Law.
- That the discussion of religion and politics within the Lodge shall be strictly prohibited.
- That the principles of the Antient Landmarks, customs and usages of the Craft be strictly observed.[6]
The first attempt to codify the governance of Masonry was by James Anderson in his Constitutions, published in 1723, and which contain a number of basic principles. Dr. Albert Mackey built on this in 1856, when he identified 25 Landmarks or characteristics of Masonry which have been widely adopted in America.
[edit] "Continental" style jurisdictions
The Continental style Grand Lodges and Grand Orients have created several organizations in order to organize their international relations, such as CLIPSAS, the International Secretariat of the Masonic Adogmatic Powers, and the International Masonic Union Catena.
Other bodies predicate their assessment of regularity on the 8th decree of Anderson's Constitution; a Lodge is regular if it works in conformity to the rules of its granted constitutional patent. Grand Lodges certify regularity to their recognized Member Lodges and Grand Lodges with patents.
[edit] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
"Regular Freemasonry", when this term is not further defined, usually refers to the United Grand Lodge of England and its recognized jurisdictions. Since UGLE is considered to be not only the oldest, but also the largest grouping of lodges, UGLE recognition (or the lack thereof) is generally the barometer by which a jurisdiction is deemed regular. UGLE provides a list of recognised Grand Lodges on its website.[7]
[edit] France
There are no less than 12 national Grand Lodges operating in France.
The Grande Loge Nationale Francaise (GLNF)[8] is currently the only French Grand Lodge that is recognised as regular by UGLE and its concordant jurisdictions.
The Grand Orient de France (GOdF) was recognised by most Grand Lodges in the world until the middle of the 19th century, when the GOdF recognised an irregular and "unrecognised" Masonic organisation in Louisiana. [9][10] This caused several US Grand Lodges to withdraw recognition from the GOdF. The final breaking point, however, came about due to a decision by the GOdF in 1877 to remove the requirement for Masons to have a belief in a Supreme Being. UGLE and most other Anglo-Saxon Grand Lodges suspended all relations with, and recognition of, the Grand Orient de France as a result.
[edit] Belgium
Several Grand Lodges are active in Belgium.
The Regular Grand Loge of Belgium (R.G.L.B.) is currently the only Belgian Grand Lodge which is recognised as regular by UGLE and its concordant jurisdictions.
The oldest Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Grand Orient of Belgium (G.O.B.) lost is recognition by the UGLE in the 19th century when it decided to remove the requirement for Masons to have a belief in a Supreme Being. In an attempt to regain recognition by the UGLE, five lodges from the GOB founded the Grand Lodge of Belgium (G.L.B.) in 1959. When in 1979 the G.L.B. also lost its recognition by UGLE, nine lodges founded the Regular Grand Loge of Belgium on 15 June 1979.
[edit] United States
In the United States each state has a Grand Lodge that supervises the lodges within that state and is sovereign and independent within that jurisdiction. The Grand Lodge of Masons in Massachusetts [1] was the first of these, founded in 1733, and also the third Grand Lodge ever formed around the world after England and Ireland. These are commonly referred to as the "regular" or "mainstream" Grand Lodges. There is no national Grand Lodge. All regular Grand Lodges in the US are in mutual amity with each other and with UGLE.
In addition, most States also have a sovereign and independent Prince Hall Grand Lodge that is or was predominantly African-American. For many years the mainstream Grand Lodges did not recognize Prince Hall Freemasonry and considered them irregular. Within the last 20 years this situation has changed and today most mainstream Grand Lodges have come to recognize their Prince Hall counterparts and vice-versa. The few exceptions are in the former Confederate states (except Virginia, North Carolina, and Texas), as well as Kentucky and West Virginia,[11] where the mainstream Grand Lodges do not yet recognize their Prince Hall counterparts.
Due to a 19th century argument and a resulting schism, not all Prince Hall Grand Lodges recognize each other,[citation needed] and generally the mainstream Grand Lodges have followed the lead of their Prince Hall counterparts when it comes to recognizing Prince Hall Grand Lodges in other states. UGLE has also granted recognition to Prince Hall Grand Lodges where they are recognised by their mainstream counterparts.
Thus, in most of the States of the US, there are currently two recognized Grand Lodges, each recognizing the other but maintaining independence and sovereignty over their subordinate lodges. This condition (the presence of two recognized Grand Lodges in one geographical area) is uncommon. Traditionally recognition has been granted under the concept of "Exclusive Jurisdiction", meaning that only one Grand Lodge is recognized within any given Jurisdiction.
Throughout the US there are also numerous bodies that claim to be Masonic Lodges and Grand Lodges, but which are not recognized as such by UGLE, the mainstream Grand Lodges, nor their Prince Hall counterparts. These are deemed to be irregular.
[edit] References
- ^ Ancients and Moderns
- ^ ADDRESS TO THE 2002 CALIFORNIA MASONIC SYMPOSIUM
- ^ The Grand Orient of France and the three great lights
- ^ W.Bro. Alain Bernheim 33° - THE HISTORY OF THE PRESENT GRAND LODGE OF FRANCE REVISITED
- ^ Address to the 2002 California Masonic Symposium
- ^ Regular Freemasonry, UGLEAccessed 17 June 2006
- ^ The United Grand Lodge of England - Home Page
- ^ Website of the Grande Loge Nationale Francaise, accessed 27 February 2006, no English version.
- ^ The Early Years of the Grand Consistory of Louisiana (1811-1815)
- ^ "U.S. Recognition of French Grand Lodges in the 1900s" published in Heredom: The Transactions of the Scottish Rite Research Society -- volume 5, 1996, pages 221-244.
- ^ "Prince Hall Recognition Map". Accessed 14 March 2007.
[edit] External links
- Regularity and Recognition by Tony Pope, editor of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council's publications.
