Knot (speed)
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The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour. Its kn abbreviation is preferred by American[1] and Canadian maritime authorities,[2] and by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers;[3] however, the kt (knot) and kts (knots) abbreviations also are used.[citation needed] The knot is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI.[4] Worldwide, the knot is used in meteorology, and in maritime and air navigation—for example, a vessel travelling at 1 knot along a meridian travels one minute of geographic latitude in one hour. Mariners first used the term knot denoting the measure of how many knots of line paid out in a given time using the chip log.
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[edit] Definitions
- 1 international knot =
- 1 nautical mile per hour (exactly),
- 1.852 kilometres per hour (exactly),[4]
- 0.514 meters per second,
- 1.15077945 miles per hour (approximately).
1.852 km is the length of the internationally-agreed nautical mile. The U.S. adopted the international definition in 1954, having previously used the U.S. nautical mile (1,853.248 m).[5] The U.K. adopted the international nautical mile definition in 1970, having previously used the U.K. Admiralty nautical mile (6,080 ft [1,853.184 m]).
The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel (boat speeds and air speeds) are measured in knots. For consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids (tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds) are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground (SOG) (ground speed (GS) in aircraft) and rate of progress towards a distant point ('velocity made good', VMG) are also given in knots.
[edit] Origin
Until the mid-19th century vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log. This consisted of a wooden panel, weighted on one edge to float upright and thus have substantial water resistance, attached by line to a reel. The chip log was "cast" over the stern of the moving vessel and the line allowed to pay out. Knots placed at a distance of 47 feet 3 inches (14.4018 m) passed through a sailor's fingers, while another sailor used a 30 second sandglass (28 second sandglass is the current accepted timing) to time the operation.[6] The knot count would be reported and used in the sailing master's dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, or 1.85166 km/h. The difference from the modern definition is less than 0.02%.
[edit] Modern use
Although the unit knot does not fit within the primary SI system, its retention for nautical and aviation use is important for navigational reasons, since the length of a nautical mile is almost identical to a minute of latitude. As a result, distance in nautical miles on a navigational chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude indicators on the side of the chart.
Nautical speed is sometimes erroneously expressed as "knots per hour" which would actually be a measure of acceleration, as in "nautical miles per hour per hour."
[edit] Aeronautical terms
Prior to 1969, airworthiness standards for civil aircraft in the USA Federal Aviation Regulations specified that distances were to be in statute miles, and speeds in miles per hour. In 1969 these standards[7] were progressively amended to specify that distances were to be in nautical miles, and speeds in knots.
The following abbreviations[citation needed] are used to distinguish between various measurements of airspeed.
- KTAS is "knots true airspeed", the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.
- KIAS is "knots indicated airspeed", the speed shown on an aircraft's pitot-static airspeed indicator.
- KCAS is "knots calibrated airspeed", the indicated airspeed corrected for position error and instrument error.
- KEAS is "knots equivalent airspeed", the calibrated airspeed corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
[edit] See also
- Hull speed, which deals with theoretical estimates of practical maximum speed of displacement hulls.
- Metre per second
- Nautical mile
- Orders of magnitude (speed)
[edit] References
- ^ Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass; Office of Coastal Survey, NOAA, USA
- ^ Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
- ^ Guidelines for authors (PDF file) IEEE
- ^ a b "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants". SI brochure (8th ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html. "The knot is defined as one nautical mile per hour. There is no internationally agreed symbol, but the symbol kn is commonly used."
- ^ Louis E. Barbrow and Lewis V. Judson (1976). "Appendix 4 The international nautical mile" (PDF). Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, A brief history. NIST Physics Laboratory. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app4.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
- ^ Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Page 454.
- ^ For example, Part 23 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, amendment 23-7, September 14, 1969
- Kemp, Peter (editor). The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford university Press, 1976. ISBN 0-19-282084-2
