Broadcast engineering

Broadcast engineering
Occupation
Names	Broadcast engineer Broadcast design engineer; Broadcast systems engineer; Broadcast IT engineer; Broadcast network engineer; Broadcast maintenance engineer; Video broadcast engineer; TV studio broadcast engineer; Outside broadcast engineer; Remote broadcast engineer;
Type	profession
Description
Competencies	Technical knowledge, Management skills, Professionalism
Education required	see professional requirements
Fields of employment	Radio, television, military
Related jobs	Technologist, RF engineer, engineering technician, Technical operator

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Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering, and now to some extent computer engineering and information technology, which deals with radio and television broadcasting. Audio engineering and RF engineering are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own subsets of electrical engineering.

Broadcast engineering involves both the studio end and the transmitter end (the entire airchain), as well as remote broadcasts. Every station has a broadcast engineer, though one may now serve an entire station group in a city, or be a contract engineer who essentially freelances his services to several stations (often in small media markets) as needed.^[1]

[edit] Duties

Modern duties of a broadcast engineer include maintaining broadcast automation systems for the studio and automatic transmission systems for the transmitter plant. There are also important duties regarding radio towers, which must be maintained with proper lighting and painting. Occasionally a station's engineer must deal with complaints of RF interference, particularly after a station has made changes to its transmission facilities ^[2]^[3].

[edit] Titles

Broadcast engineers may have varying titles depending on their level of expertise and field specialty. Some widely used titles include:

Broadcast design engineer
Broadcast systems engineer
Broadcast IT engineer
Broadcast network engineer
Broadcast maintenance engineer
Video broadcast engineer
TV studio broadcast engineer
Outside broadcast engineer
Remote broadcast engineer

[edit] Qualifications

Broadcast engineers may need to possess some or all of the following degrees, depending on the broadcast technical environment. If one of the formal qualifications is not present, a related degree or equivalent professional experience is desirable.

Degree in electronic engineering
Degree in telecommunications engineering
Degree in computer engineering
Degree in management information system
Degree in broadcast technology (most common)

[edit] Knowledge

Broadcast engineers are generally required to have knowledge in the following areas, from conventional video broadcast systems to modern Information Technology:

Baseband video – standard / high-definition
Video compression - DV25, MPEG, DVB or ATSC (or ISDB)
Broadcast studio acoustics
Television studios - broadcast video cameras and camera lenses
Production switchers (video mixer)
Digital server playout technologies. - VDCP, Louth, Harris, control protocols
Broadcast automation
Disk storage – RAID / NAS / SAN technologies.
Archives – Tape archives or grid storage technologies.
Computer networking
Operating systems – Microsoft Windows / Mac OS / Linux / RTOS
Post production – Capture and Non-linear editing.
RF satellite uplinking – High powered amplifiers (HPA)
RF communications satellite downlinking – Band detection, carrier detection and IRD tuning, etc.
Broadcast-safe standards
Communications equipment - Talkbacks, walkie-talkies
Occupational safety and health
Fire suppression systems like FM 200.
Basic structural engineering
RF hazard mitigation

Above mentioned requirements vary from station to station.

[edit] Skills

Broadcast engineers must also have skillset and methodology to problem solving that helps in making effective use of their knowledge base.

Self-motivated
Enthusiasm to learn about emerging technologies, proprietary hardware/software and applications.
Logical approach to problem solving and troubleshooting
Detail oriented.
Quick thinking
Calm under high-pressure situations
Good oral and written business communications, negotiation and time management skills
Leadership skills - Organizing and motivating a group of engineers
Drawing skills - To draw graphical Visio workflow diagrams or CAD schematic drawings
Training and mentoring skills - To train and mentor junior or fellow engineers or operational staff

[edit] Digital engineering

The conversion to digital broadcasting means broadcast engineers must now be well-versed in digital television and digital radio, in addition to analogue principles. New equipment from the transmitter to the radio antenna to the receiver may be encountered by engineers new to the field. Furthermore, modern techniques place a greater demand on an engineer's expertise, such as sharing broadcast towers or radio antennas among different stations (diplexing).

Digital audio and digital video have revolutionized broadcast engineering in many respects.^[4] Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non-linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 2000s, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be done much more easily and professionally as well.

Other devices used in broadcast engineering are telephone hybrids, broadcast delays, and dead air alarms. See the glossary of broadcast engineering terms for further explanations.

[edit] Engineering services

Broadcast stations often call upon outside engineering services for certain needs. For example, because structural engineering is generally not a direct part of broadcast engineering, tower companies usually design broadcast towers.

Other companies specialize in both broadcast engineering and broadcast law, which are both essential when making an application to a national broadcasting authority for a construction permit or broadcast license. This is especially critical in North America, where stations bear the entire burden of proving that their proposed facilities will not cause interference and are the best use ot the radio spectrum. Such companies now have special software that can map projected radio propagation and terrain shielding, as well as lawyers that will defend the applications before the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), or the equivalent authorities in some other countries.

[edit] Organizations

[edit] Brazil

SET – Sociedade Brasileira de Engenharia de Televisão e Telecomunicações, Brazilian Society of Television and Telecommunications Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[edit] Canada

Central Canada Broadcast Engineers (CCBE), Brechin, Ontario, Canada ^[5]
Western Association of Broadcast Engineers (WABE), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ^[6]
IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS)-Ottawa Section, Canada ^[7]

[edit] China

China Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, China^[8]
IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) - Beijing Section, China^[9]
IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS)- Shanghai Section, China

[edit] Hong Kong

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers-(Hong Kong) Section , Hong Kong^[10]
Society of Broadcast Engineers-Hong Kong Chapter, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Televisioners Association (HKTVA), Hong Kong^[11]