Arena Football League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Arena Football League | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Sport | Arena football |
| Founded | 1987 |
| Inaugural season | 1987 |
| No. of teams | 15 |
| Country(ies) |  United States |
| Most recent champion(s) |
Philadelphia Soul |
| Most championships | Tampa Bay Storm |
| TV partner(s) | ESPN |
| Official website | ArenaFootball.com |
| Founder | Jim Foster |
The Arena Football League (AFL) was founded in 1987 as an American football indoor league by Jim Foster. It is played indoors on a smaller field than American football, resulting in a faster and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in 1986, and patented, in 1990 by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League. Nearly two months after the New Orleans Voodoo folded on the league's owners chose to cancel the 2009 season to work on developing a long-term plan to improve its economic model.[1]
Four months after the league canceled its 2009 season for a lack of funding, the nine-year-old Los Angeles Avengers folded, leaving the league with 15 teams.
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] "Playtest"
Eventual Arena Football League founder Jim Foster, a former National Football League and United States Football League executive, originally had a contract in 1983 to play an exhibition on the NBC television network. He abandoned the plan, though, when the USFL was formed and did not return to the new sport until 1986. He set up a "playtest" in Rockford, Illinois at the (Rockford MetroCentre). He set up two teams, the "Rockford Metros" and the "Chicago Politicians," made up of semi-pro and former college football players to play against each other to see how his idea would work. The Metros defeated the Politicians 30-18.
[edit] The AFL begins
The AFL was founded in 1987 as an American football indoor league. The league's inaugural season featured four teams: the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite, Pittsburgh Gladiators, and Washington Commandos. The teams played a six-game season, culminating in ArenaBowl I, where Denver defeated Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh.
In 1990, Foster was awarded a patent for arena football and the equipment unique to it. This meant that other indoor football leagues must play under significantly different rules; the patent, however, expired on March 27, 2007, opening the door to other indoor football leagues using such rules under Foster's old patent.
[edit] Early years
From its inception, the AFL operated in a state of semi-obscurity; many Americans had heard the term "arena football" but knew little to nothing about the league itself.
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which would air tape-delayed games, often well after midnight. The league would receive its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's Wide World of Sports.
One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance, Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988-1993). However, the AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesar's Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers, and sold the team.
Although the Drive left the league, the AFL still has a number of teams today which it considers "dynasties", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.
In 1993, the league staged its first, and only to date, All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64-40 in front of a crowd of 7,189.
While the aforementioned teams have enjoyed success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little to no success. There are also a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including lack of financial support from owners, lack of media exposure, to the city's plain disinterest in the team. Today, this isn't seen as much of a problem, as team owners typically own other sports franchises as well, receive adequate media coverage from their home cities, and most teams have a sizeable fan base.
[edit] The new millennium
The year 2000 brought a heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, who, unlike ESPN, would televise regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the af2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams include the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, and Utah Blaze. The Wranglers, Cobras, Fury, Kats, VooDoo, and Avengers no longer compete in the AFL, however.
There were also several rule changes. In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds is if a player is tackled into the side boards. 2005 also marked the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed. And in 2008, the Jack Linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard.[2]
[edit] 2009 season
The league was expected to cancel its 2009 season, partly because of the economic downturn in 2008. It was announced later that the AFLPA (AFL Player's Association, which consists of all AFL players) agreed to take pay cuts in hopes there would be a 2009 season.
On December 9, 2008, it was announced that a dispersal draft of players from the recently folded New Orleans VooDoo franchise and free agency had been postponed until further notice. On December 10, 2008, it was reported that the 2009 season had been suspended. However, the league produced a statement the same day stating, "Despite rumors and reports to the contrary, the 2009 season has not been suspended." [3]
On December 15, 2008, the League's Board of Directors announced that the 2009 season would in fact be canceled, "subject to agreement and cooperation with the Arena Football League Players Association while the League works on developing a long-term plan to improve its economic model." The AFL does plan to resume operations in 2010, and has indicated that the minor league af2 should go ahead with its 2009 schedule.[4] It was announced in an article in Yahoo! Sports at a sports marketing conference that the players and owners have agreed to resume in 2010,[5] with the addition of two new teams and the possible return of the VooDoo to New Orleans as part of a new umbrella ownership under a single entity.
[edit] Rules
- The Field: An indoor padded surface 85 feet (26 m) wide and 50 yards (46 m) long with eight-yard (7 m) endzones. Goal posts are nine-feet wide with a crossbar height of 15 feet (NFL goalposts are 18.5 feet (5.6 m) wide with the crossbar at 10 feet (3.0 m)). The goalside rebound nets are 30 feet (9.1 m) wide by 32 feet (9.8 m) high. The bottom of the nets are eight feet above the ground. Sideline barriers are 48 inches (1.2 m) high and made of high density foam rubber.
- The Equipment: The official football is the same size and weight as the National Football League ball.
- The Players and Formations: Eight players on the field; 20-man active roster; four-man inactive roster.
- Substitution: Free substitution is allowed, but some players play both ways either by choice or to step in because of injury.
- Formation: Four (4) offensive players must line up on the line of scrimmage. Three (3) defensive players must be down linemen (in a three or four-point stance). Only the "Mac Linebacker" may blitz on either side of the center. Alignment is two (2) or more yards off the line of scrimmage. No stunting or twisting. Offensive motion in the backfield: One receiver may go in a forward motion before the snap.
- Timing: Four 15 minute quarters with a 15-minute halftime. The clock stops for out-of-bounds plays or incomplete passes only in the last minute of each half or when the referee deems it necessary for penalties, injuries or timeouts. Each team is allowed three (3) time-outs per half. In the last minute of the game, the clock stops if the team with the lead has the ball and fails to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage; this discourages teams with the lead from "taking a knee" (i.e., having the quarterback kneel shortly after taking the snap from center) near the end of a game.
- Movement of the Ball and Scoring: Four (4) downs are allowed to advance the ball ten (10) yards for a first down, or to score. Six (6) points for a touchdown. One (1) point for a conversion by place kick after a touchdown, two (2) points for a conversion by drop kick and two (2) points for successful run or pass after a touchdown. Three (3) points for a field goal by placement or four (4) points for a field goal by drop kick. Two (2) points for a safety.
- The Kicking: Kickoffs are from the goal line. Kickers may use a one-inch tee. Punting is illegal. On fourth down, a team may go for a first down, touchdown or field goal. The receiving team may field any kickoff or missed field goal that rebounds off the net. Any kickoff untouched which is out of bounds or hitting an overhead structure (i.e. scoreboard) will be placed at the 20-yard line or the place where it went out of bounds, whichever is more advantageous to the receiving team. If a kickoff goes beyond the end zone and stays in bounds (such as kicking it into the field goal "slack net" or if the ball goes under the net), the ball will come out to the 5-yard line. The same is true if a missed field goal attempt goes beyond the end zone and under the net. If the receiving player chooses not to take the ball out of the endzone (takes a knee) or is tackled in the endzone, the ball is placed on the 2 1/2-yard line.
- Passing: Passing rules in Arena Football are the same as outdoor NCAA football in which receivers must have one foot inbounds. A unique exception involves the rebound nets. A forward pass that rebounds off of the endzone net is a live ball and is in play until it touches the playing surface.
- Overtime Rules: Overtime periods are 15 minutes during the regular season and the playoffs. Each team gets one possession to score. If, after each team has had one possession and one team is ahead, that team wins. If the teams are tied after each has had a possession, the next team to score wins.
[edit] Growth of the league
Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000-11,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. For the past four seasons,[when?] average attendance has been above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007.[6] Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with 8 teams exceeding 13,000 per game.[7]
[edit] Television
Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro stated during a radio interview that the reason why a deal failed is because ESPN refused to show highlights or even mention a product being broadcast on NBC.
For the 2006 season only, the AFL added a national cable deal with OLN (now Versus) for eleven regular-season games and one playoff game.
On December 19, 2006, ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL. This deal includes television rights for the ESPN family of networks. ESPN will televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday Nights, and 9 playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC.[8] The deal resulted in added exposure on ESPN's SportsCenter.
The AFL also has a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carry local team games.
[edit] Expanding the season
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16.
[edit] Video games
The first video game[9] based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988. On May 18, 2000, Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console. On February 7, 2006 EA Sports released Arena Football for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. EA Sports released another AFL video game, titled Arena Football: Road to Glory, on February 21, 2007, for the PlayStation 2.[10]
[edit] Literature
In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described "unathletic writer" played in three preseason games and had one catch for -2 yards.
[edit] Teams
[edit] Expansion \ Contraction
The Arena Football League has expanded and contracted many times throughout its history. Its current size is 15 teams. Every year in the AFL there has been at least one team who did not play the previous season with the same name. The league last expanded in 2006, when it went to 19 teams. The league conducted an expansion draft in September 2005 in order to stock the Utah Blaze. Because of Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans VooDoo announced that they would suspend operations for 2006. Players under contract to the VooDoo were transferred to the expansion Kansas City Brigade franchise. The 2007 season saw the return of Arena Football to New Orleans, only to fully close after the 2008 season. The Cleveland Gladiators relocated from Las Vegas in 2008. The Los Angeles Avegers folded on April 20, 2009.
| Year | # of Teams | Expansion Teams | Folded Teams | Suspended Teams | Returning Teams | Relocated Teams | Name Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 4 | Chicago Bruisers Denver Dynamite Pittsburgh Gladiators Washington Commandos |
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| 1988 | 6 | Detroit Drive Los Angeles Cobras New England Steamrollers New York Knights |
Denver Dynamite Washington Commandos |
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| 1989 | 5 | Los Angeles Cobras New England Steamrollers New York Knights |
Denver Dynamite Maryland Commandos |
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| 1990 | 6 | Albany Firebirds Dallas Texans |
Chicago Bruisers | Washington Commandos (from Maryland) |
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| 1991 | 8 | Columbus Thunderbolts New Orleans Night Orlando Predators |
Washington Commandos | Pittsburgh → Tampa Bay Storm | |||
| 1992 | 12 | Arizona Rattlers Charlotte Rage Cincinnati Rockers Sacramento Attack San Antonio Force |
Denver Dynamite | Columbus → Cleveland Thunderbolts | |||
| 1993 | 10 | New Orleans Night San Antonio Force |
Sacramento → Miami Hooters | ||||
| 1994 | 11 | Fort Worth Cavalry Las Vegas Sting Milwaukee Mustangs |
Cincinnati Rockers Dallas Texans |
Detroit → Massachusetts Marauders | |||
| 1995 | 13 | Connecticut Coyotes Iowa Barnstormers Memphis Pharaohs St. Louis Stampede San Jose SaberCats |
Cleveland Thunderbolts | Massachusetts Marauders Fort Worth Cavalry |
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| 1996 | 15 | Texas Terror | Las Vegas → Anaheim Piranhas Fort Worth → Minnesota Fighting Pike (dormant from 1995) |
Florida Bobcats (from Miami Hooters) |
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| 1997 | 14 | Nashville Kats New Jersey Red Dogs New York CityHawks |
Charlotte Rage Connecticut Coyotes Minnesota Fighting Pike St. Louis Stampede |
Memphis → Portland Forest Dragons | |||
| 1998 | 14 | Anaheim Piranhas | Massachusetts Marauders → Grand Rapids Rampage (dormant for three years) |
Houston Thunderbears (from Texas Terror) |
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| 1999 | 15 | Buffalo Destroyers | New York → New England Sea Wolves | ||||
| 2000 | 17 | Carolina Cobras Los Angeles Avengers |
Portland → Oklahoma Wranglers | ||||
| 2001 | 19 | Chicago Rush Detroit Fury |
Albany → Indiana Firebirds Iowa → New York Dragons New England → Toronto Phantoms |
New Jersey Gladiators (from New Jersey Red Dogs) |
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| 2002 | 16 | Dallas Desperados | Florida Bobcats Houston Thunderbears Milwaukee Mustangs Oklahoma Wranglers (all four were contracted) |
Nashville → Georgia Force[11] | |||
| 2003 | 16 | Colorado Crush | Toronto Phantoms | New Jersey → Las Vegas Gladiators | |||
| 2004 | 19 | Austin Wranglers New Orleans VooDoo Philadelphia Soul |
Buffalo → Columbus Destroyers | ||||
| 2005 | 17 | Nashville Kats | Carolina Cobras Detroit Fury Indiana Firebirds |
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| 2006 | 18 | Kansas City Brigade Utah Blaze |
New Orleans VooDoo | ||||
| 2007 | 19 | New Orleans VooDoo | |||||
| 2008 |
17 | Austin Wranglers[12] Nashville Kats |
Las Vegas → Cleveland Gladiators | ||||
| 2009 |
16 | New Orleans VooDoo Los Angeles Avengers |
[edit] Postseason
From the league's inception through ArenaBowl XVIII, the championship game was played at the home highest-seeded remaining team. The AFL then switched to a neutral-site championship, with ArenaBowls XIX and XX in Las Vegas. New Orleans Arena, home of the New Orleans VooDoo, served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29, 2007. This was the first professional sports championship to be staged in the city since Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005.[13] The San Jose SaberCats earned their third championship in six years by defeating the Columbus Destroyers 55-33.[14] Arena Bowl XXI in New Orleans was deemed a success, and the city was chosen to host Arena Bowl XXII, in which the Philadelphia Soul defeated the defending champs San Jose Sabercats. [15]
[edit] Commissioners of Arena Football
- Jim Foster - 1987-1992
- Joe O'Hara - 1992-1994
- Jim Drucker - 1994-1996
- C. David Baker - 1996-2008
- Ed Policy (interim)[16] - 2008-2009[17]
[edit] League expansion plans
During a conference call prior to ArenaBowl XX, Commissioner Baker stated publicly the names of several cities that are under consideration for future league expansion.[18] More recently, Baker has reiterated these expansion plans and also stated that the league is considering expansion into international markets based on twenty-one exhibition games.[19] The expansion rights to two other markets have been sold to potential ownership groups, both of which are National Football League team owners in those respective markets.[20] Teams have not yet been placed in those cities.
- Boston, Massachusetts
- Houston, Texas
- Indianapolis, Indiana
- Louisville, Kentucky (Louisville Fire of af2)[21]
- Miami, Florida
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[22]
- Sacramento or San Francisco, California (expansion rights owned by Denise DeBartolo York)
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Washington, D.C. (expansion rights are owned by Daniel Snyder)[23]
Most recently the AFL have released a press release stating that they have partnered with German marketing group 2Plus to investigate the possibility of hosting AFL teams in Germany.[24] In mid - August 2008 an AFL delegation including Jerry Kurz visited Germany to speak with 2Plus in person and to visit various possible host cities. During that week a delegation from Amsterdam traveled to Germany to speak to the AFL about Amsterdam hosting a team.[25]
The AFL had their sights set on three possible German host cities.
Düsseldorf or Hamburg was expected to host an exhibition game in 2009. Other cities in Europe have also showed interest in housing an AFL team.
[edit] See also
- Arena Football
- ArenaBowl
- Defunct Arena Football League teams
- Index of Professional Sports teams in the United States and Canada
- List of leagues of American football
- List of Arena Football League seasons
- List of Arena Football League Venues
- List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues — the AFL's attendance in a worldwide context
- NFL Europe
[edit] Notes
- ^ http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&ATCLID=3633481&DB_OEM_ID=3500
- ^ "ESPN - New rules make big impact - AFL". 2008-03-05. http://sports.espn.go.com/extra/afl/news/story?id=3278531. Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
- ^ "League issues official statement". ArenaFootball.com. http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&ATCLID=3630656&DB_OEM_ID=3500.
- ^ "AFL suspends 2009 season". ArenaFootball.com. 2008-12-15. http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&ATCLID=3633481&DB_OEM_ID=3500. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.
- ^ "AFL may resume play in 2010". ArenaFootball.com. 2009-03-24. http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=txaflagreement&prov=st&type=lgns. Retrieved on 2009-03-17.
- ^ ArenaFan Online : AFL Attendance
- ^ "ArenaFan Online: AFL Arena Football History - Year By Year - 2008". http://www.arenafan.com/history/?page=yearly&league=1&fpage=attendance&year=2008. Retrieved on 2008-12-17.
- ^ "AFL, ESPN enter into five-year agreement". ArenaFootball.com. http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=3500&ATCLID=727455&SPID=1563.
- ^ Arena Football Video Games
- ^ "Arena Football: Road to Glory". ArenaFootball.com. http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=3500&ATCLID=727047&SPID=1548.
- ^ The history of the Kats stayed in Nashville, similar to the agreement made between the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens of the NFL.
- ^ The Austin Wranglers changed leagues from the AFL to af2.
- ^ "ArenaBowl XXI - New Orleans". 2006-11-30. http://www.arenabowl.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&DB_OEM_ID=3550&ATCLID=698707.
- ^ "SaberCats are ArenaBowl XXI Champions!". 2007-12-13. http://www.arenabowl.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&ATCLID=1139209&DB_OEM_ID=3550.
- ^ "ArenaBowl Returns to New Orleans". 2008-03-08. http://www.arenabowl.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=3550&ATCLID=1351141.
- ^ "Baker resigns as AFL commissioner after successful 12 years". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/extra/afl/news/story?id=3505580.
- ^ Lombardo, John (April 6, 2009). "Acting head Policy steps aside at AFL". SportsBusinessJournal.com. http://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/article/62184. Retrieved on April 6, 2009.
- ^ "Arena Football League kicks off new season with business booming". 2007-03-01. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/2007-02-28-arena-league-kickoff_x.htm?csp=34.
- ^ "Expansion may be on agenda". 2008-07-07. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cs-07-rush-bits-chicagojul07,0,1476490.story.
- ^ "Sponsorship". 2007-02-13. http://www.arenafootball.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=3500&ATCLID=90256.
- ^ "Owner thinks AFL could add fuel to Fire". 2008-07-28. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080728/SPORTS/807280453/1002/SPORTS.
- ^ Lombardo, John (March 23, 2009). "Pittsburgh team part of AFL plans". SportsBusinessJournal. http://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/article/61933. Retrieved on April 6, 2009.
- ^ ESPN buys stake in Arena Football
- ^ "AFLEurope.nl - AFL & Germany's 2Plus marketing group enter into exclusive agreement". 2008-07-25. http://www.afleurope.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&Itemid=1.
- ^ "AFLEurope.nl - Arena Football League expanding to Europe". 2008-08-16. http://www.afleurope.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=1.
[edit] External links
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