Economy of Cuba

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Economy of Cuba
Currency	Cuban peso (CUP) = 100 centavos
Fiscal year	yes
Statistics
GDP	$125.5 billion (2007 est.)[1]
GDP growth	4.3% (2008 est.)[2]
GDP per capita	$12,700 (2008 est.)[3]
GDP by sector	Agriculture: 4.6%, industry: 26.1%, services: 69.3%
Inflation (CPI)	3.6% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line	1% (2006)
Labor force	4.853 million (Public sector: 78%, Private sector: 22%) (2007)
Labor force by occupation	Agriculture: 21.2%, industry: 14.4%, services: 64.4% (2005)
Unemployment	1.9% (2007 est.)
Main industries	Sugar, petroleum, tobacco, construction, nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals
External
Exports	$3.231 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Main export partners	Netherlands 21.8%, Canada 21.6%, China 18.7%, Spain 5.9% (2006)
Imports	$10.86 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Main import partners	Venezuela 26.6%, China 15.6%, Spain 9.6%, Germany 6.4%, Canada 5.6%, Italy 4.4%, US 4.3%, Brazil 4.2% (2006)
Public finances
Public Debt	$16.79 billion (convertible currency); another $20.8 billion owed to Russia $0.9 billion owed to Romania and $0.2 billion owed to Hungary
Revenues	$35.01 billion (2007 est.)
Expenses	$36.73 billion (2007 est.)
Economic aid	$87.8 million (2005 est.)
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars
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The economy of Cuba is a largely state-controlled, centrally planned economy overseen by the Cuban government, though there remains significant foreign investment and enterprise in Cuba. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. In the year 2000, the public sector employment was 76% and the private sector at 23% compared to the 1981 ratio of 91% to 8%.^[4] Capital investment is restricted and requires approval by the government. The Cuban government sets most prices and rations goods to citizens. The present Cuban Minister of Economy and Planning is Marino Murillo.

In the 1950s, Cuba's economic development was on the top of Latin America and advanced even by European standards.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]} The economy has deteriorated, and incomes have fallen dramatically behind European countries. Starvation was observed after the loss of Soviet subsidies. Shortages and queues are rife. Wages are 17-30 U.S. dollars per month on top of overcrowded housing (three quarters built before 1957)^[11] and some subsidized food.^[12][13] Paramount issues have been state salaries failing to meet personal needs under the state rationing system chronically plagued with shortages. As the variety and quantity of available rationed goods declined, Cubans increasingly turned to the black market to obtain basic food, clothing, household, and health amenities. The informal sector is characterized by what many Cubans call sociolismo. Corruption is common.^[14] Preferential treatment exists for those who are members of the Communist Party or who hold positions of power within the government.^[15] Access to transportation, work, housing, university education and better health care are a function of status within the government or the Communist Party.^[16]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Communist regime 1.2 Special Period 1.3 Recovery 1.4 Post-Castro reforms 2 Energy production 3 Government policies 4 Agriculture 5 Industry 6 Tertiary industries 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Retail 7 Poverty 8 International trade 9 Foreign investment 9.1 US Dollar 10 Biotechnology and informatics 11 Self-employment 12 Connection with Venezuela 13 Economic freedom 14 Other statistics 15 See also 16 Notes 17 External links

[edit] History

Cuba's wages used to be among the world's highest.^[6] According to International Labor Organization, the average industrial salary in Cuba was the world's 8th highest - $6 US dollars per 8-hour work day in 1958. ^[17] 62% of those employed lived on less than $75 a month, whereas today almost everyone lives on about $20 a month.^[18][19]. The purchasing power adjusted average agricultural salary was $3 US dollars, higher than in Denmark, West Germany, Belgium, or France.^[6] "Socialism and Development" by an unknown author says that peasents were unemployed 138 days out of the year (agriculture had seasonal variations) and 250,000 were unemployed during the harvest season.^[18] Even Castro has admitted that there was no economic crisis or hunger in Cuba.^[20] Although a third of the population lived in poverty, Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in Latin America.^[5] Cuba's large income disparities were a result of the fact that Cuba's unionized workers enjoyed perhaps the largest privileges in Latin America, "obtained in large measure at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants".^[9]

Gross domestic product per capita was about 90% that of Italy and significantly higher than that of Japan, although 1/6 of the US.^[6][8][18] United Nations described the pre-Communist economy with "one feature of the Cuban social structure is a large middle class".^[8] Eight-hour day had been established in 1933, long before many other countries. Cuba had a months's paid holiday, nine days' sick leave with pay, six weeks' holiday before and after childbirth.^[7] Cuba labour movement had established limitations on mechanization and the bans on dismissals.^[7]

Cuba had the Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios.^[7][17][21] Televisions per capita was the fifth highest in the world. Despite small size, it had the world's 8th highest number of radio stations (160). According to the United Nations, Cubans read 58 daily newspapers during the late 1950s, only behind three much more populous countries: Brazil, Argentina and Mexico.^[22]

Before the Communist regime, Cuba had one of the highest numbers of doctors per capita. The mortality rate was the third lowest in the world. According to the World Health Organization, the island had the lowest infant mortality rate of Latin America and the 13th lowest in the world (Cuba's ranking has since worsened to 27th^[23]).^[10][17][24]

[edit] Communist regime

Since 1959 Cuba has experienced slow growth in its Gross Domestic Product relative to other countries that were in a similar situation in the 1950s,^[25] stagnant trade.^[26] and amassed a significant debt amounting to some 16.62 billion in convertible currency and 15 to 20 billion dollars with Russia.^[27][28][29] Cuban citizens themselves have experienced a decrease in their caloric intake and a shortage of housing.^{[citation needed]}

From the late 1980s, Soviet subsidies for Cuba's state-run economy started to dry up. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for sheltered markets for its exports and substantial aid. The Soviet Union had been paying above-market prices for Cuban sugar, while providing Cuba with petroleum at below-market prices. At one point, Cuba received subsidies amounting to six billion dollars.

[edit] Special Period

The Cuban economy is still recovering from a decline in gross domestic product of at least 35 percent between 1989 and 1993 due to the loss of 80 percent of its trading partners and Soviet subsidies. This era was referred to as the "Special Period in Peacetime" later shortened to "Special Period". A Canadian Medical Association Journal paper states that "The famine in Cuba during the Special Period was caused by political and economic factors similar to the ones that caused a famine in North Korea in the mid-1990s. Both countries were run by authoritarian regimes that denied ordinary people the food to which they were entitled when the public food distribution collapsed; priority was given to the elite classes and the military."^[30] Cubans had to resort to eating anything they could find, from Havana Zoo animals to domestic cats.^[31] Nutrition fell from 3,052 calories per day in 1989 to 2,099 calories per day in 1993. Other reports indicate even lower figures, 1,863 calories per day. Some estimated that the very old and children received only 1,450 calories per day.^[32] The recommended minimum is 2,100–2,300 calories.

The government has undertaken several reforms in recent years to stem excess liquidity, increase labour incentives, and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. To alleviate the economic crisis, the government introduced a few market-oriented reforms including opening to tourism, allowing foreign investment, legalizing the U.S. dollar (although later partially reverted so that the US dollar is no longer accepted in businesses, it remains legal for Cubans to hold the currency), and authorizing self-employment for some 150 occupations. These measures resulted in modest economic growth. The liberalized agricultural markets introduced in October 1994, at which state and private farmers sell above-quota production at free market prices, have broadened legal consumption alternatives and reduced black market prices.

Government efforts to lower subsidies to unprofitable enterprises and to shrink the money supply caused the semi-official exchange rate for the Cuban peso to move from a peak of 120 to the dollar in the summer of 1994 to 21 to the dollar by yearend 1999. Living conditions in 1999 remained well below the 1989 level. New taxes introduced in 1996 have helped drive down the number of self-employed workers from 208,000 in January 1996.

Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35% during 1989-93, the result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. The drop in GDP apparently halted in 1994, when Cuba reported 0.7% growth, followed by increases of 2.5% in 1995 and 7.8% in 1996. Growth slowed again in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. One of the key reasons given was the failure to notice that sugar production had become dramatically uneconomic. Reflecting on the Special period Cuban president Fidel Castro later admitted that many mistakes had been made, “The country had many economists and it is not my intention to criticize them, but I would like to ask why we hadn’t discovered earlier that maintaining our levels of sugar production would be impossible. The Soviet Union had collapsed, oil was costing $40 a barrel, sugar prices were at basement levels, so why did we not rationalize the industry?" ^[33]

[edit] Recovery

Due to the continued growth of tourism, growth began in 1999 with a 6.2% increase in GDP^{[citation needed]}. Growth in recent years has picked up significantly, with a growth in GDP of 11.8% in 2005 according to official Cuban information^{[citation needed]}. In 2007 the Cuban economy grew by 7.5 %, below the expected 10 %, but higher than the Latin American average rate of growth. Accordingly, the cumulative growth in GDP since 2004 stood at 42.5 %.^[34][35]

[edit] Post-Castro reforms

In 2007, Raúl Castro's administration hinted that the purchase of computers, DVD players and microwaves would become legal. However, monthly wages remain less than 20 U.S. dollars.^[12] Mobile phones, which have been restricted to Cubans working for foreign companies and government officials, have become legalized. The new program could put phones in the hands of hundreds of thousands of Cubans.^[12]

[edit] Energy production

Due to the reliance on declining Soviet era electricity generators, many areas of Cuba suffered frequent blackouts and brownouts for extended periods, creating additional pressure on society. To counter these problems, the government has put Cuba through "Energy Revolution", which has placed increased emphasis on the efficient use of electrical energy and more efficient,^{[citation needed]} small-power generators linked in a synchronized network. The country has increased the number of solar- and wind-powered generators.^{[citation needed]} Though development was hampered by large-scale damage created by Hurricane Dennis and Hurricane Wilma, which cut Cuba's electricity generation capacity by half in the areas most affected, Cuba now exceeds the government set demand in electricity production.^[36] Raul Castro reminded Cubans, in his July 26 speech in 2007, that the Special Period is not yet over.^[37]

[edit] Government policies

Rationing in Cuba refers to the system of food distribution known in Cuba as the Libreta de Abastecimiento ("Supplies booklet"). The system establishes the rations each person is allowed to buy through that system, and the frequency of supplies.

On top of rationing, the average wage at the end of 2005 was 334 regular pesos per month ($16.70 per month) and average monthly pension was $9.^[19]

Cubans can not change jobs, change residence inside Cuba, or leave the country without government permission.^[38]

In communications and publishing sector, Cubans can not access the Internet without government permission.^[38] Cubans can not watch or listen to independent, private, or foreign broadcasts.^[38] Cubans can not read books, magazines or newspapers, unless approved/published by the government.^[38] Cubans can not receive publications from abroad or from visitors.^[38]

Until a 2009 announcement, Cubans were prohibited from using hotels or restaurants meant for tourists.

A person can get more jail time for killing a cow (10 years in prison) than killing a human. Those who sell beef without government permission can get three to eight years in prison. Eaters of illegal beef can get three months to one year in prison.^[39]

After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, citizens were not required to pay a personal income tax (their salaries being regarded as net of any taxes). However, from 1996, the State started to impose income taxes on Cubans earning hard currency, primarily the self-employed.^[40]

In their book, Corruption in Cuba, Sergio Diaz-Briquets and Jorge F. Pérez-López state that the Communist regime institutionalized corruption; "Castro's state-run monopolies, cronyism, and lack of accountability turned Cuba into one of the world's most corrupt states".^[41]

As in other former socialist countries, few citizens hesitate to steal from the government when given opportunity. Since the vast majority of people are in state jobs and the state makes up much of the economy, petty crime is widespread.^[41]

Sociolismo also known as amiguismo meaning "friend-ism" or "partner-ism" is the informal term used in Cuba to describe the reciprocal exchange of favors by individuals, usually relating to circumventing bureaucratic restrictions or obtaining hard-to-find goods. It comes from the Spanish word socio which means business partner or buddy, and is a pun on socialismo, the Spanish term for socialism. It is analogous to the blat of the Soviet Union.

The term is particularly associated with the black market economy, and perceived cronyism in Cuba’s state controlled command economy. Socios can be black market operators who "facilitate" (steal) goods that are officially reserved for the state. They can also get someone a job or obtain paperwork.

[edit] Agriculture

As a result of inefficient state-run agriculture, Cuba imports up to 80% of its food.^[42] After coming to power, Raúl Castro, Fidel Castro's brother, has ridiculed the bureaucracy that shackles the agriculture sector.^[42]

Before 1959, Cuba boasted as many cattle as people. Today meat is so scarce that it is a crime to kill and eat a cow.^[43] Cuban people even suffered from starvation during the Special Period.

[edit] Industry

In total, industrial production accounted for almost 37 percent of the Cuban GDP, or US$6.9 billion, and employs 24 percent of the population, or 2,671,440 people, in 1996. Cuba had 156 sugar mills in 1985, and at that time, about 10% of exports from the then-USSR to Cuba consisted of machinery for the sugar industry. Other food processing plants produced cheese, butter, yogurt, ice cream, wheat flour, pasta, preserved fruits and vegetables, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks. Light industry comprises textiles, shoes, soap, toothpaste, and corrugated cardboard boxes. Other industries are petroleum products (Cuba has four oil refineries with a total production capacity of 301,000 barrels per day), tobacco, chemicals, construction, cement, agricultural machinery, nickel, and steel production. In the mid-1990s, tourism surpassed sugar processing as the main source of foreign exchange, although the government in 2002 announced plans to implement a "comprehensive transformation" of the sugar industry, including the closing of almost half the existing sugar mills. Although 1.7 million tourists visited the country in 2000, bringing in $1.9 billion, the global economic slowdown in 2001 and the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US negatively impacted Cuba's tourism industry.^[44]

More recently Cuba's world-class biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is gaining in its importance to the economy. It has been claimed that soon it will become Cuba's main source of foreign exchange. Among the products sold internationally are vaccines against various viral and bacterial pathogens, and promising anti-cancer vaccines are undergoing exhaustive clinical trials. Some Cuban scientists, like V. Verez-Bencomo, have been awarded international prizes for their contributions in biotechnology and Sugar Cane. Cuban vaccines are sold, among other countries, in Russia, China, India, Pakistan, and several Latin American countries.^[45]

[edit] Tertiary industries

[edit] Tourism

In the mid 1990s tourism surpassed sugar, long the mainstay of the Cuban economy, as the primary source of foreign exchange. Tourism figures prominently in the Cuban Government's plans for development, and a top official cast it as the "heart of the economy". Havana devotes significant resources to building new tourist facilities and renovating historic structures for use in the tourism sector. Cuban officials estimate roughly 1.6 million tourists visited Cuba in 1999 with about $1.9 billion in gross revenues. In 2000, 1,773,986 foreign visitors arrived in Cuba. Revenue from tourism reached US $1.7 billion.^[46]

The rapid growth of tourism has had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba. This has led to speculation of the emergence of a two-tier economy^[47] and the fostering of a state of tourist apartheid on the island. This situation was exacerbated by the influx of dollars into the Cuban economy during the 1990s, potentially creating a dual economy based on the dollar (the currency of tourists) on the one hand, and the peso on the other. Scarce imported goods - and even some of local manufacture, such as rum and coffee- could be had at dollars-only stores, but were hard to find or unavailable at peso prices. As a result, Cubans who earned only in the peso economy, outside the tourist sector, were at an economic disadvantage. Those with dollar incomes based upon the service industry began to live more comfortably. This widened the gulf between Cubans' material standards of living, in conflict with the Cuban Government's long term socialist policies.^[48]

[edit] Retail

Cuba has a very poorly developed retail sector. There are no large shopping centers and the commercial districts that existed before the revolution are largely shut down. Those that remain carry few and poorly made products that are priced in dollars and are too expensive for the average Cuban to purchase. The majority of the stores are small dollar stores, bodegas, agro-mercados (farmers' markets), and street stands.^[49]

[edit] Poverty

Typical wages range from factory worker's 400 non-convertible Cuban pesos a month to doctor's 700.That is only around 17-30 U.S. dollars a month.^[13] After Cuba lost subsidies in 1991, malnutrition resulted in an outbreak of diseases.^[50] Cuba's poverty level is one of the lowest in the developing world, ranking 6 out of 108 countries, 4 in Latin America, and 48 among all countries. ^[51]. Pensions are among the smallest in the Western hemisphere at $9.50. In 2009, Raul Castro increased minimum pensions by 2 dollars, which he said was to recompense for those who have "dedicated a great part of their lives to working... and who remain firm in defence of socialism".^[52]

[edit] International trade

The Netherlands receive the largest share of Cuban exports (24%), 70 to 80% of which through Fondel Finance, a company owned by the Van 't Wout family who have close personal ties with Fidel Castro. Currently, this trend can be seen in other colonial Caribbean communities who have direct political ties with the global economy. (e.g. British West Indies, United States Virgin Islands, French outer-territories, etc.) The second largest trade partner is Canada, with a 22% share of the Cuban export market.^[53]

[edit] Foreign investment

Since the Special Period, Cuba has actively courted foreign investment. All would be foreign investors are required to form joint ventures with the Cuban government. The sole exception to this rule are Venezuelans, who are allowed to hold 100% ownership in businesses due to an economic agreement between Cuba and Venezuela. Cuban officials said in early 1998 that there were a total of 332 joint ventures. Many of these are loans or contracts for management, supplies, or services normally not considered equity investment in Western economies. Investors are constrained by the U.S.-Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act which provides sanctions for those who "traffic" in property expropriated from U.S. citizens. As of March 1998, 15 executives of three foreign companies have been excluded from entry into the United States.^{[citation needed]} Over a dozen companies have pulled out of Cuba or altered their plans to invest there due to the threat of action under the Libertad Act.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] US Dollar

In 1993 the Cuban Government made it legal for its people to possess and use the U.S. dollar. From then until 2004, the dollar became a major currency. To capture the hard currency flowing into the island through tourism and remittances - estimated at $500–800 million annually - the government set up state-run "dollar stores" throughout Cuba that sold 'luxury' food, household, and clothing items, compared with basic necessities, which were bought using the Cuban peso. As such, a gap in the standard of living developed between those with access to dollars and those without. Jobs that could earn dollar salaries or tips from foreign businesses and tourists became highly desirable. It was common to meet doctors, engineers, scientists, and other professionals working in restaurants or as taxicab drivers.

However, in response to stricter economic sanctions by the US, and because the authorities were pleased with Cuba's economic recovery, the Cuban government decided in October 2004 to remove the American dollar from circulation. In its place, the Cuban convertible peso is now used, which although not internationally traded, has a value pegged to that of the dollar. As a source of additional revenue, a 10% surcharge is levied for conversions from US dollars to the convertible peso; this surcharge does not apply to other currencies, so it acts as an encouragement to tourists to bring currencies like Euros, pounds sterling or Canadian dollars into Cuba. Indeed, an increasing number of areas rich in tourism now also accept Euros directly for many transactions.

[edit] Biotechnology and informatics

Since the very beginning of revolution, the idea of a more diversified and more sophisticated production of wealth in the island was present. In an early speech Fidel Castro announced that "the future of Cuba ought necessarily to be a future of men doing science". In the mid 1980s and during all the '90s this dream grew as a set of Biotechnology I+D institutions at the west of Havana. The so called polo cientifico del oeste is a biotechnological park, located at the west of Havana, and with some tens of institutions devoted to the development of human, animal and agricultural biotechnology. This park is claimed to be a successful experiment of Cuba’s economy, as it was able to create first world standard biotechnology institutions, with several patented drugs and a net annual income of some hundred million US dollars. Although most of the small institutions have a negative net balance and rely on government subsides, successful vaccines and drugs from bigger institutions, like Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology|CIGB^[54] and CIM greatly overcome the deficit, and put this sector as one of the most important in Cuban economy.

In recent years, the Cuban government decided to make a big investment in a similar experiment, this time creating a technological park and a nearby Computer Science University intended to be an Informatics analogue of the successful Biotechnology adventure. Although in both cases market is a big issue, Cuba is relying in its world recognized high educational level for the fast developing of these new knowledge based economy.

[edit] Self-employment

To provide jobs for workers laid off due to the economic crisis, the government was having difficulty providing, and to try to bring some forms of black market activity into legal - and therefore controllable - channels, Havana in 1993 legalized self-employment for some 150 occupations. The government tightly controls the small private sector, which has fluctuated in size from 150,000 to 209,000, by regulating and taxing it. For example, owners of small private restaurants (paladares) can seat no more than 12 people^[55] and can only employ family members to help with the work. Set monthly fees must be paid regardless of income earned and frequent inspections yield stiff fines when any of the many self-employment regulations are violated. Rather than expanding private sector opportunities, in recent years, the government has been attempting to squeeze more of these private sector entrepreneurs out of business and back to the public sector. Many have opted to enter the informal economy or black market. In recent years there has developed what is called "urban agriculture", production which takes place on small parcels of land in the cities. Growing organopónicos (organic gardens) in the private sector has been attractive to city dwelling small producers who get to sell their products in the same place where they produce them, avoiding taxes and enjoying a measure of government help from the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) in the form of seed houses and advisors.

[edit] Connection with Venezuela

The relationship cultivated between Cuba and Venezuela in recent years has resulted in agreements that Venezuela provide cheap oil in exchange for Cuban "missions" of doctors which aid and help to improve the Venezuelan health care system. Cuba, with the second-highest per capita number of physicians in the world (behind Italy), sends tens of thousands of doctors to other countries as aid, as well as for obtaining favorable economic terms of trade.

While Venezuela says that Cuba is paying part of the bill with the professionals, medicines, books and other items that Cuba sends, some independent analysts say the numbers don't add up. Havana would have to be collecting about $80,000 per year per Cuban worker in Venezuela to cover the costs of its oil imports, the analysts say. Instead, Cuban doctors in Venezuela receive about $3,000 per year, according to three Cuban doctors who defected from the program (see also Mission Barrio Adentro). The White House's point man on plans for a post-Castro transition, Caleb McCarry, recently told The Miami Herald that U.S. estimates of total Venezuelan subsidies to Cuba per year "are up to the $2 billion figure." This can be compared to the $4 billion to $6 billion that Moscow once pumped into Cuba per year.^[56]

[edit] Economic freedom

The 2008 Index of Economic Freedom Report ranks Cuba 156 out of 157 nations surveyed. The report states typical imports are food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Exports include nickel, cigars, and state-sponsored labor, for which the government charges many times what it pays in state salaries. Lacking investment, Cuba's sugar industry is no longer viable: The island has become a net importer. Venezuela now supplies up to 80,000 barrels of oil per day on generous credit terms, although Cuba produces small amounts of poor-quality sulfurous crude on its own. Venezuelan assistance has also enabled Cuba to retreat on limited liberal reforms such as allowing self-employment in careers like snack vending and bicycle repair.^[57]

On the other hand that report is in conflict with the socialist agenda of the Cuban government, which states in theory, that economic freedom results from the negative freedom of not having to deal with private owners of the means of production - freedom would be the freedom to control the means of production despite of capitalist laws of private ownership, which exist in the USA.

[edit] Other statistics

Electricity - production: 15,650 GWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 89.52%
hydro: 0.65%
nuclear: 0%
other: 9.83% (1998)

Electricity - consumption: 14.62 GWh (2003)

Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2003)

Agriculture - products: sugarcane, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock

Exports - commodities: sugar, medical products, nickel, tobacco, shellfish, citrus, coffee

Imports: $6.916 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities: petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals

Imports - partners: Spain 14.7%, Venezuela 13.5%, US 11%, China 8.9%, Canada 6.4%, Italy 6.2%, Mexico 4.9% (2004)

Current account balance: $-14748 million (2005 est.)

Debt - external: $13.1 billion (convertible currency); another $15–20 billion owed to Russia (2005 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $68.2 million (1997 est.)

Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (CUP) per US$1 – 25 (2005) (nonconvertible, official rate, linked to the US dollar)

[edit] See also

• Agriculture in Cuba
• Banking in Cuba
• United States embargo against Cuba
• Dollar store (Cuba)
• Sociolismo
• Rationing in Cuba
• Special Period
• Ubre Blanca the Cuban cow used by Fidel Castro in the 1980s to symbolise Cuba's economy

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• Economic Illegalities and the Underground Economy in Cuba by Archibald Ritter, Professor of Economics, Carleton University
• Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE)
• What Castro wants- Time Story about the U.S. embargo.
• Cuba Comes in from the Cold- Council on Hemispheric Affairs
• Cuba: An economic tiger in the Caribbean?
• Russia negotiating Cuba debt and fresh credit
• Cuba's debt to Spain

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