Hyperlink cinema
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Hyperlink cinema is a term coined by author Alissa Quart, who used the term in her review of the film Happy Endings (2005) for the film journal Film Comment in 2005.[1] Noted film critic Roger Ebert popularized the term when reviewing the film Syriana.[2] These films are not hypermedia and do not have actual hyperlinks, but are multilinear in a more metaphorical sense.
In describing Happy Endings, Quart considers captions acting as footnotes and split screen as elements of hyperlink cinema and notes the influence of the World Wide Web and multitasking.[1] Playing with time and character's personal history, plot twists, interwoven storylines between multiple characters, jumping between the beginning and end (flashback and flashforward) are also elements.[1] Roger Ebert further describes hyperlink cinema as films where the characters or action reside in separate stories, but a connection or influence between those disparate stories is slowly revealed to the audience; illustrated in Mexican director Alejandro González Iñárritu's films Amores Perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), and Babel (2006).[2][3]
Quart suggests that director Robert Altman created the structure for the genre and demonstrated its usefulness for combining interlocking stories in his films Nashville (1975) and Short Cuts (1993).[4] She also considers the television series 24 and Alan Rudolph’s film Welcome to L.A. (1976) as early prototypes.[1] Crash (2004) is an example of the genre, as are Altman's The Player (1992), Steven Soderbergh's Traffic (2000), City of God (2002), Syriana (2005), and Nine Lives (2005).[4]
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[edit] Hyperlink films
- Nashville (1975) [2]
- The Player (1992) [5]
- Short Cuts (1993) [2]
- Pulp Fiction (1994) [6]
- The Opposite of Sex (1998) [1]
- Magnolia (1999) [1]
- Timecode (2000) [1]
- Amores Perros (2000) [3]
- Traffic (2000) [5]
- City of God (2002) [5]
- 21 Grams (2003) [3]
- 11:14 (2003)[citation needed]
- Cape of Good Hope (2004) [5]
- Crash (2004) [1]
- Happy Endings (2005) [1]
- Syriana (2005) [2]
- Nine Lives (2005) [2]
- Babel (2006) [3]
- Rendition (2007) [7]
- The Edge of Heaven (2007) [8]
- The Air I Breathe (2008) [9]
- Gomorrah (2008) [10]
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Quart, Alissa (Jul/Aug 2005). "Networked". Film Comment 41 (4): 48–5. http://www.alissaquart.com/articles/2005/08/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e.html. Retrieved on 25 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Ebert, Roger (2005-12-09). "Syriana". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
- ^ a b c d Ebert, Roger (2007-09-22). "Babel". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
- ^ a b Ebert, Roger (2006). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 0740761579
- ^ a b c d Ebert, Roger (2006-01-06). "Cape of Good Hope". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
- ^ Booker, M. Keith. (2007). In Postmodern Hollywood. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12-21. ISBN 0275999009. Google Book Search. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
- ^ Gandert, Sean. (18 October 2007). "Paste Magazine :: Review :: Rendition". Paste. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
- ^ Skinner, Marjorie. (4 September 2008). "The Celestial Prophecy :: Living on The Edge of Heaven". Portland Mercury. Retrieved on September 5, 2008.
- ^ "The Air I Breathe - Movie - Review - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved on May 13, 2008.
- ^ van Hoeij, Boyd. (19 May 2008). "European Films - review: Gomorra (Gomorrah) (Cannes 2008)". Retrieved on October 30, 2008.
