Model United Nations

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Model United Nations (also Model UN or MUN) is an academic simulation of the United Nations that aims to educate participants about civics, effective communication, globalization and multilateral diplomacy. In Model UN, students take on roles as diplomats and participate in a simulated session of an intergovernmental organization (IGO). Participants research a country, take on roles as diplomats, investigate international issues, debate, deliberate, consult, and then develop solutions to world problems.

Contents 1 Simulations 2 Participants 2.1 Position papers 2.1.1 Format 2.1.2 Purpose 3 History 4 Languages 5 Support 6 Notable conferences 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Simulations

During a conference, participants must employ a variety of communication and critical thinking skills in order to represent the policies of their country. These skills include public speaking, group communication, research, policy analysis, active listening, negotiating, conflict resolution, note taking, and technical writing. However, school delegation formats vary from region to region.

Most Model UNs are simulations of a body in the United Nations system, such as:

• The General Assembly in both plenary form and within its functional committees
• Economic and Social Council and its specialized councils and agencies
• Security Council
• International Court of Justice

Many conferences simulate other IGOs including:

• European Union
• African Union
• Organization of American States
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO
• Arab League
• South Asian Association For Regional Co-Operation
• United Nations Children's Fund
• Human Rights Council

In addition, solely national organizations such as the United States National Security Council are often simulated, with delegates role-playing specific people (e.g. the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Defense) rather than representing countries. This may be taken one step further, having the delegate represent merely the interests of his/her office, or role-play a specific holder of the office (e.g. Hillary Clinton). Such committees are typically "crisis committees;" that is to say, they do not begin with a fixed topic but rather are forced to deal with issues as they come up. A team of conference organizers (known as a crisis staff) thinks up new situations and informing the committee of changing events on the ground, to which the committee must respond; in addition, individual delegates are typically allowed to take certain actions on their own, without committee approval, subject to the interpretation and agreement of the crisis staff. However, the correspondence between single-country and crisis committees are not perfect; for instance, the UN Security Council and some NATO bodies are typically run as crisis committees, and some national cabinets are fixed-topic committees.

More unusual committees abound at the collegiate level; for instance, a college conference may simulate the Greco-Persian Wars via a committee of the Greek poleis^[1], or even have a committee simulating President David Palmer's cabinet from the TV show 24, simulated by the University of Pennsylvania Model UN Conference in 2007.^[2]

Many conferences also run crisis simulations in which hypothetical real world factors are included in the simulation, including representatives from various groups such as member states that are not members of the simulated committee. These can take the place of rapidly-changing Security Council simulations, historical simulations, hypothetical simulations set in the future, and war games (typically conducted by War Cabinets, either standing alone or with two Cabinets running in parallel). Some conferences substitute research topics for a crisis which can span all the committees of the conference.

Model UNs are often run using basic parliamentary procedure. This allows all delegates to be active participants. Common activities in MUN involve giving speeches to the committee and writing resolutions concerning a given topic. Additionally, at the end of longer conferences, awards are commonly given to either individual delegates, delegations, or both. The judging of this varies. For example, American conferences on the West Coast, such as BMUN, give delegates points for every action they perform, which are added. At the end of the conference, awards are given to the highest point scorer. On the other hand, conferences on the East Coast such as the Harvard National Model United Nations, delegates are judged in a more holistic manner, but perhaps to the detriment of objectivity and transparency. Giving awards is less common at smaller conferences. In addition, many larger conferences do not give awards at all, feeling that competition detracts from the simulation experience.

[edit] Participants

Model United Nations groups are usually organized as either a club, conference, or class. A class can be a full semester class called "Model United Nations" or just one class period devoted to a short simulation; secondary schools may often incorporate the club of Model United Nations with the class of AP Comparative Government and Politics. Meanwhile, a conference is a school-wide, local, regional or international gathering of Model United Nations students who come together over a period between one and five days.

In the early days of Model United Nations, participants were mostly students at select colleges in the United States of America. Today, Model United Nations has greatly matured and expanded. It is now practiced all over the world in classes, clubs, and conferences. Model United Nation participants are elementary, secondary, undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students. Recently even university alumni and professionals have taken part. Participants come from public and private schools and universities, and they live in city, suburban and rural areas.

Over 90,000 students take part in Model United Nations Conferences in the USA. ^[3] The United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) has the most comprehensive calendar of Model United Nations conferences: the 2003-2004 edition lists 400+ conferences in 48 countries. ^[4]

Some simulations are small, including members of only a single class. For example, 20 students can do a one-hour simulation of the (15-member) United Nations Security Council in their classroom. Other simulations can be very large, involving many committees and taking place over the span of several days. The majority of conferences have a population between 70 and 300 students, with most students living around that one region. The largest conferences can have thousands of participants from many different countries. Each simulation and conference varies greatly in number of participants and their involvement.

The concept of Model United Nations has grown substantially all across the world, with various third-world and traditionally non-English speaking nations joining in. One example of this is Pakistan where at least four universities (SZABIST, LUMS, the Lahore School of Economics and the University of the Punjab, Lahore) have a developed platform of Model UN.

The Dominican Republic is the only country to have incorporated the concept of Model UN into its official high-school curriculum. This is in large part due to the efforts of the United Nations Association of the Dominican Republic, which has harbored substantial support from the government despite being completely apolitical.

[edit] Position papers

A Position paper is an essay that is written by participants of some models. It describes the detailed position of a certain country on a topic or issue that the writer will debate in his committee. Position papers are not always required, but certain conferences do enforce that each delegate send his own before the opening.^[5]

[edit] Format

Conferences have different format and styles for position papers. Nevertheless, UNA-USA established a format that has been adopted widely throughout the Model UN community. It consists of a heading with committee, topic, country and delegate information and body which explains in detail the position of the author's country. The position paper usually includes 3-4 pages outlining:

1. Background of the Topic
2. UN Involvement
3. Your Country's Position
4. Possible Solutions

[edit] Purpose

Position papers should explain an issue from their countries' point of view. It's also good practice that they include statistics about the issue that would support the cause they defend. The paper would also try to convince the other countries of the committee to their view of the issue. It would have ways to solve the situation.^[6]

Many conferences require delegates to submit a copy of their position paper, as a means to ensure that the delegates research important topics and construct strong and well-informed positions on those subjects.

[edit] History

Model and civic simulation education are older than the United Nations. Records indicate that as early as the 1920s students in the United States of America were participating in collegiate simulations of the League of Nations, the predecessor to the United Nations. The modern day National Model United Nations in New York City and Harvard Model United Nations both began as simulations of the League of Nations in the 1920s. Berkeley Model United Nations is the oldest running Model UN conference in the US, founded in 1952. At some point in BMUN's history they switched to a high school conference only. Harvard National Model United Nations Harvard National Model United Nations is the world's oldest continuous College Model UN conference, founded in 1955. As the League of Nations was dismantled and the United Nations was born in 1945, simulations of the League of Nations were transformed into Model United Nations. Some conferences still perform historical simulations, however, including League of Nations crisis situations. These simulations now have grown to over 3000 and 2000 annual participants.

[edit] Languages

Simulations are conducted in many languages, including the six official languages of the UN. Because MUN was created in and the majority still take place in the USA, most simulations are in English. Some conferences, however, are conducted in two or three languages. For example, in Mexico, Colombia and the Southwestern United States, many conferences are run in both Spanish and English. In Canada, both French and English are used. Some conferences, like those in the Dominican Republic, offer up to three languages. In Brazil, in spite of Portuguese being the country's official language, some of the most important MUN conferences in the country are held in English.

[edit] Support

Model UN is supported by many organizations, private groups, non-governmental organizations, inter-governmental organizations and national governments. United Nations Associations around the world and its international organization the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) have supported MUNs for decades. WFUNA organized the first collegiate MUN in China and works with MUNs all over the world. In the USA the main support is given by UNA-USA's Global Classrooms program. Global Classrooms offers professional development workshops for educators and four curricula on peacekeeping, human rights, sustainable development, and the Economics of Globalization. UNA-Dominican Republic introduced MUN to the DR and now it is a part of the national education curriculum. In Europe the main support is from THIMUN, which has affiliate conferences through out Europe and around the world. MUN International has just created a new global membership association to help "expand and increase MUN activities" , the MUN International Network and has aided conferences in Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Africa and the US. Rotary International chapters around the world support many MUNs, e.g. the first international MUN in Hong Kong was organized and funded by three local Rotary Chapters.

Many intergovernmental organizations also support MUN activities. The EU published a policy paper just for MUN participants. The OAS actually oversaw the earliest Model OAS conferences. NATO often provides speakers and experts to Model NATO conferences. The United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI) supports Model United Nations in four key ways:

• the Model United Nations Discussion Area on the United Nations Cyber School Bus
• the Public Inquiries Section in New York
• the United Nations of the United Nations conferences to use its rooms for committee space.

The CyberSchoolBus is the on-line education program created by the United Nations. It features a Model United Nations Discussion Area and a list of Model United Nations Experts who answer inquiries as well as excellent research tools for country research. UNA-USA offers a online guide to the UN CyberSchoolBus.

The Public Inquiries Section at UNHQ assists by helping Model United Nations groups to find speakers and it arranges briefings in its New York offices. UNICs in Argentina, Mexico, Panama, and the UK have been extremely involved in Model United Nations activities helping with research, Model United Nations support, and sometimes with facilities. United Nations offices in The Hague, Netherlands; Nairobi, Kenya; Istanbul, Turkey; Vienna, Austria, and Geneva, Switzerland, also support Model United Nations and serve as hosts for at least one conference each year.

The Organization of American States has been involved from the very beginning in the support to international civic simulations. North Atlantic Treaty Organization annually supports the Model NATO conference in Washington, DC, USA, with speakers, consultations and advisers. Other IGOs provide research assistance to simulations, conferences and students. Additionally, many UN Missions and Embassies support Model United Nations activities. Many mission and embassy websites have recently added sections created specifically for Model United Nations. Embassies and Consulates will often invite groups to discuss country positions or send a speaker out to speak to Model United Nations clubs, classes, or conferences. The overall support of simulation education activities by the international community is increasing rapidly every year.

Additionally, national governments support or sponsor MUN programs. The US Department of State has been working in Washington, DC public schools for over 15 years as well as providing speakers to MUN conferences around the world. In the Dominican Republic MUN is part of the national education curriculum. Embassies and UN Missions around the world have been providing consultation, speakers, research documents for over 40 years. Many have even reviewed student's MUN resolutions for policy accuracy.

[edit] Notable conferences

Conference	Location	Founded	Details
American Model United Nations International	Chicago, IL	1990	Major international collegiate level conference in Chicago, IL each fall, with over 1,400 participants from 100+ schools over four days.[citation needed] AMUN is an official NGO affiliated with the UN Department of Public Information and provides a variety of MUN resources for all levels.[citation needed]
Berkeley Model United Nations	University of California, Berkeley	1952	First high-school-level conference to simulate the United Nations in the United States preceding HMUN by a few months.[citation needed]. Run by UC Berkeley undergraduate students.
Geneva International Model United Nations	Geneva, Switzerland	1998	Held annually at the Palais des Nations. Guaranteed access to all UN offices and allowed to report to the UN Economic and Social Council upon being granted Special Consultative Status.[7][8]
Harvard Model United Nations	Boston, Massachusetts	1927	High-school-level conference.[9] Founded as a simulation of the League of Nations and converted to a United Nations simulation in 1953. Run by Harvard University undergraduate students. See Harvard International Relations Council.
Harvard National Model United Nations	Boston, Massachusetts	1955	Oldest collegiate-level conference.[10] Run by Harvard University undergraduate students. See Harvard International Relations Council.
Ivy League Model United Nations Conference (ILMUNC)	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	1984	Attracts around 2,000 delegates gathering for four days in the heart of Philadelphia[citation needed]. Run by University of Pennsylvania undergraduate students. Continuing its Franklin Legacy program, ILMUNC XXV is partnering with the World Food Programme's Fill the Cup Initiative to provide meals to hungry children[11]. Hosted by the International Affairs Association.
Model United Nations of the University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois	1988	Attracts over 2,400 students annually.[12] Run by University of Chicago undergraduate students.
National High School Model United Nations	New York, New York	1973	Attracts over 2,600 participants[citation needed]. Run by a staff of 80-100 undergraduate and graduate students from around the world, this conference hosts its opening and closing ceremonies in United Nations Headquarters. Its sponsoring entity, the International Model United Nations Association is an NGO with Special Consultative Status with the United Nations conference of Non-Governmental Organizations (CONGO).[citation needed]
National Model United Nations	New York, New York	1923	Founded as a simulation of the League of Nations; adopted current form in 1946 after the founding of the United Nations. Opening Ceremony and Closing Session take place in the United Nations Headquarters. [13]
The Hague International Model United Nations	The Hague, The Netherlands	1968	Attracts around 4,500 delegates.[14] Held annually at the World Forum in The Hague; holds roster consultative status with UN ECOSOC [14]
UNA-USA Middle School Model UN	New York, New York	2005	Sponsored by the United Nations Association of the United States of America. Hosted at the United Nations Headquarters, with opening and closing ceremonies in the United Nations General Assembly Hall. UNA-USA Middle School Model UN Conference is the largest and most diverse Model UN conference dedicated solely to Middle School students.[citation needed]
UNA-USA Model UN	New York, New York	1999	Sponsored by the United Nations Association of the United States of America. Hosted at the United Nations Headquarters, with opening and closing ceremonies in the United Nations General Assembly Hall, as well as hosting committee session on Saturday in the UN's various meeting rooms. The conference traditionally hosts 2,300 students from New York City public high schools and around the world.[citation needed]
UNIS-UN	New York, New York	1976	Sponsored by the United Nations International School. Held annually in the General Assembly Hall of the United Nations Headquarters.

[edit] See also

• Model Congress
• Model Arab League

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• United Nations' CyberSchoolbus - Model UN
• Kyiv International Model UN - Model UN
• Model UN General Information, WFUNA
• United Nations Association of the USA - Model UN