Nuer
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The Nuer (also known as the Nei Ti Naath) are a confederation of tribes located in Southern Sudan and western Ethiopia. Collectively, the Nuer form one of the largest ethnic groups in East Africa. They are a pastoral people who rely on cattle products for almost every aspect of their daily lives.
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[edit] History
They are one of the very few African groups that successfully fended off colonial powers in the early 1900s.[citation needed] Nuer warriors were noted as some of the most skilled in East Africa, and wielded weapons made of finely crafted iron. Since the Nuer were so successful at fending off European powers, they spent much of their time interacting with bordering groups like those of the Dinka and Anuaks. The Nuer, being very well organized, were often able to conduct cattle raids against the Dinka, a tribe larger in population. Their traditional political organization, presented to the outside world through the ethnographic work of E. E. Evans-Pritchard, has become a classic example of an indigenous heterarchical political structure without a single leader or leader group.
The nature of relations among these various southern tribes were greatly affected in the nineteenth century by the intrusion of Ottomans, Arabs, and eventually the British. Some ethnic groups made their accommodation with the imperial attackers and others did not, in effect pitting one southern ethnic group against another in the context of foreign rule. For example, some sections of the Dinka were more accommodating to British rule than were the Nuer. The Dinka treated the resisting Nuer as hostile, and hostility developed between the two groups as a result of their differing relationships to the British.
In 2006, the Nuer were the first tribe intrusted to surrender their weapons by the Sudan People's Liberation Army and the United Nations, as part of the attempt to disarm private citizens and militias unwilling to be integrated into the SPLA to prevent tribal wars. However, force in charge of their disarmament was not adequately fed, leading them to eat many Nuer cattle, destroying their economy. They were not offered security from their rivals, the Murle tribe.
As a result, Nuer teenagers founded the White Army of the Lou Nuer, an armed group consisting entirely of Nuer boys between ages 14-20 who fought to defend their tribe. A conflict with the SPLA broke out in 2006, when White Army teens began skirmishing with SPLA soldiers. They launched a major attack on the SPLA in late January 2006, leading to an full-blown armed conflict which lasted almost four months. By May 2006, the White Army was defeated and disarmed. The SPLA had soon mopped up the final resistance. An estimated 400-700 SPLA soldiers, 1,200 White Army fighters, and 200 civilians died in the conflict. About 3,300 small arms were confiscated.[1]
On 12 June 2009 members of the tribe attacked a United Nations shipment of food aid, killing 40 people and spoiling many tonnes of food heading for those displaced by recent tribal fighting.[2]
[edit] Culture
Cattle have historically been of the highest symbolic, religious and economic value among the Nuer. Cattle are particularly important in their role as bridewealth, where they are given by a husband's lineage to his wife's lineage. It is this exchange of cattle which ensures that the children will be considered to belong to the husband's lineage and to his line of descent. The classical Nuer institution of ghost marriage, in which a man can "father" children after his death, is based on this ability of cattle exchanges to define relations of kinship and descent. In their turn, cattle given over to the wife's patrilineage enable the male children of that patrilineage to marry, and thereby ensure the continuity of her patrilineage.
E. E. Evans-Pritchard studied the Nuer and made very detailed accounts of his interactions. He also describes Nuer cosmology and religion in his books.
In the 1990s, Sharon Hutchinson returned to Nuerland to update Evans-Pritchard's account. She found that the Nuer had placed strict limits on the convertibility of money and cattle in order to preserve the special status of cattle as objects of bridewealth exchange and as mediators to the divine. She also found that as a result of endemic warfare with the Sudanese state, guns had acquired much of the symbolic and ritual importance previously held by cattle.
The people speak the Nuer language, which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan language phylum.
The Nuer receive facial markings (called gaar) as part of their initiation into adulthood. The pattern of Nuer scarification varies within specific subgroups. The most common initiation pattern among males consists of six parallel horizontal lines which are cut across the forehead with a razor, often with a dip in the lines above the nose. Dotted patterns are also common (especially among the Bul Nuer and among females).
Typical foods eaten by the Nuer tribe include beef, goat, cow's milk, mangos, and sorghum in one of three forms: "kop" finely ground, handled until balled and boiled, "wal wal" ground, lightly balled and boiled to a solid porridge, and injera a large, pancake-like unrisen bread.
Because of the civil wars in Southern Sudan over the past 50 years, many Nuer have emigrated to Kenya, Ethiopia and elsewhere. Approximately 25,000 Nuer were resettled in the United States as refugees since the early 1990s, with many Nuer now residing in Nebraska, Minnesota, Sag Harbor, NY, Iowa, South Dakota, Tennessee, Georgia and many other states, and some of them living in Canada, mostly in Toronto, Kitchener, Edmonton, and Calgary. There are currently (2008) over 20,000 Southern Sudanese in Australia, perhaps a third of these Nuer.
[edit] Nuer politicians
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The Nuer leaders in the South are Dr. Riek Machar (Vice President), General Paulino Matip Nhial (Deputy Commander in Chief of the SPLA), General Peter Gadet , Mr. John Luk (Sports Minister), Mr. Taban Deng Gai (Governor of Unity State), Dr. Joseph Wejang (Minister of Health), Mr. Gatluak Deng (Governor of Upper Nile State), Mr. Dak Duop Bichok (Former Governor Upper Nile State), General Chuol Gak Yier Chiol Geng (SPLA General, General Gathoth Mai (SPLA General), General Chayot Nyang, Mr. Kun Puoch (Director for the SSRRC), Gordon Koang Chol (SPDF Commander), Tang Wal (SPLA Colonel), and Engineer Daniel Koat Mathews, Col. Bol Gatkuoth (SSDF Representative), the newly-appointed SPLA Major General Mr. Mat Wur (southern Sudan senator, Dr, Riek Gai.
Other historical and prominent Nuer politicians who were once in the government of Sudan were Philip Pedak Lieth, Mr.Both Diu Nyuot, Mr. Moses Chol Juach, Mr. Joshua Dei Wal, Mr. Ret Chol Joak, Mr. Thomas Tongyiik Tut, General Elijah Hon Top, Mr. Gang Chol Joak, Mr. Pal Gaach, Colonel William Nyuon Bany), Major General Kouth Deng Thoat (Anya-Nya I), and Major Samuel Gai Tut, Commander James Ochan Top (former Maiwut Commissioner), General Chuol Deng Luth, Mr. Chol Chotper, General Kulang Puot Wieu. The people of Nasir of The Upper Nile State, people of Bentiu of The Unity State, people of Akobo, Waat, Pangaak, Ayod of Jongulei State all speak the Nuer language. They constitute the tribe called Nuer of South Sudan
In addition, some other importance Nuer politicians are Bul Nyawan who fought against Khartoum government in Bentiu and later killed by the current president of Sudan in Mayom County, Unity (1985). Commander Robert Ruai Kuol, the current commissioner of Ruopkona county and also a member of Nyanye 1. Commander Ruai and Leah Diu Deng were responsible for the attack that forced Cheveron to suspend it activities in the oil field around 1982. Cammander Paule Dor laPour who was the zonal commander in Bentiu before Riek Machar was send to Bentiu. Paul join Anyany 1 in 1961 until the 1972 agreement.
When the peace was signed, he joined the new Nemeri government. But, when Nemeri violated the peace agreement, Paule Dor Lapour again join the SPLA movement. Paul Dor Lapour still alive and he currently lives in Bentiu.
Commander Gatgach Nhail, General Koang Tut Doh, Chap majuan, Ban Mut, Madit Gal, and Tor Nyadeng are all members of Roupkona county who are now serving in the SPLA.
[edit] Naming conventions
- "Nya" (nee ya) meaning "daughter of", is the standard prefix used for female names. "Gat" meaning "son of", is a common prefix for male names.[citation needed]
- Children are commonly given names to mark historical events ("Domaac" meaning "bullet", or "Mac" meaning "gun" given to a child born during times of war).[citation needed]
- "Nhial" means "rain", and is a common name for males.[citation needed]
- Many Nuer have been exposed to missionaries and carry a Christian first name. Their second name is a given name and always in Nuer. The father's given name follows the child's given name, which is then followed by the grandfather's name, and so on. Many Nuer can easily recount ten generations of paternal lineage because they carry those names themselves.[citation needed]
- When a Nuer comes to the Western world, which wants a first and last name, it is their custom to give their name as their first name followed by their father's name as a their middle name and their grandfather's name as their last name.[citation needed]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] External links
[edit] Further reading
- The works of E. E. Evans-Pritchard
- Jon D. Holtzman, 2006, "Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives", Pearson Education, Inc., Boston, MA.
- Sharon Hutchinson, 1996, Nuer Dilemmas, University of California Press, Berkley, CA.
- Maggie McCune 1999, Till The Sun Grows Cold, Headline Book Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-7472-7539-4
- Deborah Scroggins, 2004, Emma's War, Pantheon Books, New York
- Dianna J. Shandy, 2007, "Nuer-American Passages: Globalizing Sudanese Migration," Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
