The Kingdom of the Netherlands came into being in the 19th century.
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The future King Willem I (1772-1843) was the eldest son of Prince Willem V.
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When Napoleon fell, the Prince of Orange was in London. In November 1813, at the request of a number of leading Dutchmen, he returned home, to an enthusiastic popular welcome.
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Willem II acceded to the throne in 1840, following his fathers abdication. Willem II married Anna Paulowna (1795-1865), the daughter of the Russian czar. Their marriage gave rise to close relations with Russia.
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His successor Willem III (1817-1890) resisted these attempts to limit royal authority, but in vain.
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