A man works on his tabet computer
But the accelerating rate of technological change is also having
unsettling effects: replacing some work completely with greater automation or
offshoring, depressing pay for others and forcing workers into part-time, marginalised positions as employers discover how to tap into a new virtualised workforce.
According to a growing band of academics like Erik Brynjolfsson, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studies the impact of technology on businesses, the disruption is only set to get worse. At the heart of the
conundrum is why current technological advances, which in previous cycles sustained employment growth even as they have made workers more productive, have become job-devourers.
The past decade marks the only 10-year period in the past 80 years when employment in the US has declined at the same time that productivity has risen, says James Manyika, a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. Mr Manyika says that while technology is fuelling productivity gains, unlike in the past there are simply not enough truly transformative advances to create the markets and industries capable of putting more people to work. "There's a shortage of innovation in general," he says.
Others counter that the problem is just the opposite: technology is advancing too fast for the US economy and society
to cope. The pace of change is so rapid that companies are struggling to invent business models to take advantage of advances in technology, says Mr Brynjolfsson. "The human and software side is not keeping up with the harder, technology side," he says.
At the most basic level, the spread of IT has
cut a swath through the ranks of clerical and administrative workers as automation has spread to the white-collar world.
To some, automation remains a benign force. "Everyone wants more jobs and less work," says Hal Varian,
chief economist at Google. "Technology has tended to automate tasks people don't want to do."
Higher pay is one result - though the demand for workers with new types of expertise and stronger analytical and communication skills has exposed a failure of the US educational system to keep up, he and other academics warn. The resulting skills mismatch is the main reason for the widening income inequality of the past three decades, as the better-educated
reap a disproportionate share of the rewards from a digital economy, according to work by Harvard economists Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz.
As simple tasks or even whole jobs are automated, employers have rearranged the work that remains. That often produces more interesting and varied work, along with a demand for more capable workers, according to research by Frank Levy, an MIT professor.
While automation has eaten directly into some types of work, other technologies are having a more complicated impact. Often, they complement workers in ways that make them more productive or create new jobs - though the rewards may not always
accrue to individual workers themselves.
As people like Mr McGinnis have found, the "cloud" - the name given to a pervasive computing infrastructure accessed over the internet - is changing the way jobs like sales and customer service are handled. Individual workers are becoming more productive, conjuring up sales in the middle of the night from their homes.
Digital platforms like the one run by LiveOps are being tried out for many other types of work, from education to law, says Mr Webb. A former president of Ebay - one of the first platforms to provide millions of people with a new way to make money from their home PCs - Mr Webb says that these are breaking down geographic barriers, opening up new work possibilities for millions.
Whether these online marketplaces - which include mobile app stores like those run by Apple - will provide many people with a decent living is a different matter. Like Hollywood in the 1920s or Detroit in the early days of the car, some of these highly fragmented new activities will consolidate, leaving a handful of winners, argues Mr Varian.
Others, such as Mr Brynjolfsson, say two of the basic characteristics of IT - the way it cuts costs and enhances the free flow of information - will make it hard for most people to make much money.