R.M.S. TITANIC
The Aftermath
Updated 1/15/01

April 18, 1912
9:00pm 

Carpathia arrives in New York with Titanics'  705 survivors. Californian arrives sometime the same day in Boston. 

April 19, 1912

American hearings investigating the disaster begin at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York. Californian Officer Gibson sells his story to the local papers, detailing how officers aboard Californian saw the rockets and reported then to Captain Lord, who failed to take prompt action. Although many aspects of his story are denied by other officers, the press blames Captain Lord for the disaster. 

April 22, 1912

The S.S. Macay Bennet is sent from New York to recover the last of the bodies. 328 bodies are recovered by May 15. 

May 2, 1912

The British Inquiry into the disaster begins. 

May 25, 1912

The U.S. investigation ends, with no clear fault for the disaster found. Captain Lord of the Californian is found negligent and blamed for the great loss of life, having not responded to reports of rockets by his officers. 

July 3, 1912

The British Inquiry ends. Although no clear blame for the disaster is decided, Captain Lord is described as "negligent" in his handling of the rocket reports from his officers. Thomas Ryan files a claim of negligence causing the death of his son Patrick Ryan against The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., in the Kings Bench Division of the Royal Court, case number 1111. The claim mentions lack of binoculars for the lookouts, insufficient lifeboats, and excessive speed through an icefield as contributing to the death of Mr Ryan.

April, 1913

As a result of the U.S. and British inquiries, the International Ice Patrol is created to locate and break up large icebergs in the north Atlantic. New regulations are passed for Marconi Wireless Operations, namely that all ship-board radios will be manned 24 hours a day. 

Feb. 26, 1914

Britannic, the 3rd of White Star's Olympic Class, is launched. At 48,158 registered gross tons, she was bigger than her sister ships, Olympic and Titanic. This increased size was due to new safety features added to the hull after Titanic sank. 

Nov. 13, 1915

At the start of WW1, Britannic is recommissioned as a hospital ship. Her nearly completed interior staterooms are refitted as operating rooms. She was declared fit for war duty on Dec. 12, 1915. 

Dec. 12, 1915

Britannic arrives in Liverpool under heavy armored escort.  She was outfitted for her duties as a hospital ship with 2034 berths and 1035 cots for casualties. A medical staff of 52 officers, 101 nurses, 336 orderlies, and a crew of 675 men and women. The ship was under the command of Captain Charles A. Bartlett. 

Dec. 23, 1915

Britannic departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage.  She was bound for Mudros on the Isle of Lemnos. She was joining the Mauritania, Aquitania, and her sister, Olympic, in the Dardanelles (part of Turkey) Service. Joined later by the Statendam the five ships together were capable of carrying 17,000 sick and wounded or 33,000 troops. 

Nov. 21,1916

On her 6th voyage, Britannic hits a German mine while steaming through the Kea Channel in the Aegian Sea off the coast of Greece and sinks in only 55 minutes. The explosion apparently occurred at the watertight bulkhead between holds 2 and 3. At the same time, boiler rooms 5 and 6 began taking water. This was roughly the same damage as that sustained by her sister the Titanic. With 1100 people onboard, only 30 are lost when 2 lifeboats are launched while the ship is still under way and are sucked into the the propellers. On a special note, Violet Jessup was onboard assigned as a nurse. She was also on the crew of the Olympic when it collided with the Hawke, AND she was onboard the Titanic as a stewardess. She was a survivor of the lifeboat incident above. 

July 17, 1918

While traveling in convoy to Boston, Carpathia is struck by 2 German U-boat torpedoes 170 miles from Bishop's rock off of the Isles of Scilly. As the crew were manning the lifeboats, the ship was struck by a third torpedo. Five crew members were killed instantly. The remainder of the crew and Carpathia's 57 passengers were picked up by the HMS Snowdrop and returned to Liverpool. The Carpathia sank at 12:40 AM on that morning. 

1934

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission is founded and set in charge of U.S. wireless and radio regulations. 

March, 1935

The Olympic is retired and sold for scrap.

1953

An expedition is mounted to find Titanic using explosives to obtain echo profiles of the sea bottom. Nothing is found. 

1955

Walter Lord writes the best-seller A Night To Remember with extensive interviews of the survivors. 

1980 - 1983

Several failed attempts to locate Titanic are mounted.

July 1, 1985

French research vessel Le Suriot searches for Titanic using side scanning sonar with no results. 

Sep. 1, 1985 
1:05am 

The Woods Hole Institute expedition aboard the research vessel Knorr, commanded by Robert Ballard, finds the debris field and follows it into the wreck site. Ballard uses 2 sonar guided video remote vehicles, Argo and Angus.

Titanic today: 

July 9, 1986

Ballard returns to the wreck aboard Atlantis II with the submersible Alvin and the remote vehicle Jason. The first clear pictures of Titanic in 74 years are taken. The ROV Jason takes pictures and explores the remains of the grand staircase and ballroom. Ballard says he will not disturb the site in any way and leaves a bronze plaque honoring the dead on the forward A Deck. 

1987

The U.S. Senate passes a bill stating that "no Titanic artifacts may be imported into the United States", a weak attempt at curbing salvage operations. 

July 22, 1987

IFREMER's mother ship Nadir, successfully launched the deep sea submersible Nautile, on 32 consecutive dives to the wreck site. Using a remote controlled robot similar to Jason Jr. called 
Robin, Nautile recorded new photos and video never before seen. 

June 30, 1991
to July 17 

A Canadian-Russian team explores Titanic and films "Titanica" with the new IMAX camera. 

1993

The R.M.S. Titanic Inc. Expedition with submersible Nautile spends 15 days at the wreck site and recovers some 800 artifacts.

1994

R.M.S. Titanic Inc. returns with Nautile and recovers coal from the debris field.

1995

James Cameron and crew begin filming "Titanic" using 2 submersibles Mir1 and Mir2 aboard the research ship Keldysh.

Aug. 1996

The Discovery Channel and R.M.S. Titanic Inc. returns lead by George Tulloch. The Kilabuk, Nadir, and Ocean Voyager are the ships used for this expedition.The expedition tries and fails to retrieve a piece of the hull. Using the submersible Nautile, the expedition recovers artifacts and relics from the debris field between the two main hull sections. Using new side-scan sonar technology, they also uncover evidence that the iceberg that Titanic struck 85 years ago did NOT rip a 300 foot gash in the hull, but rather several small holes and separated the inch thick steel plates at the rivet lines across the first five bulkheads. 

Dec. 19, 1997

"Titanic" opens in theaters to rave reviews and stays the #1 box-office draw for 16 weeks. 

Mar. 1998

"Titanic" becomes the highest grossing movie in Hollywood history (2 billion U.S. dollars world-wide) and wins the Oscars for Best Movie, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (My Heart Will Go On), Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, and Best Costume. James Cameron wins Best Director. 

Aug. 10, 1998

R.M.S. Titanic Inc. brings a hull section to the surface and aboard the Abeille. This is the same section they failed to raise in the 1996 expedition. 

The 17 tons of steel hull measure 7.3 meters wide by nearly six meters at its longest point. It was once First Class cabin C86, home to Walter and Mahala Douglas. The two portholes visible in the above photo are intact, the inch thick glass and brass fittings still in place. 

Photo courtesy Discovery Online

Aug. 16, 1998

Discovery Online and R.M.S. Titanic Inc. host a world television and internet simul-cast with LIVE video feed from the wreck site of the 1998 expedition. Discovery reports over 1 million hits per day to the video pages

Sep. 1, 1998

"Titanic" is released on video and sells 3 million copies world wide in 24 hours.

July-August, 2000

R.M.S. Titanic returns to the wreck site with the Keldysh, the submersibles Mir1 and Mir2, the Ocean Intervention, and the S/V Explorer. 28 dives recovered 853 artifacts, "including the ship's wheel and stand that was used to turn the Titanic away from the deadly iceberg, a whistle control timer, the steering wheel stand from the navigation bridge, parts for a watertight door, the main telegraph base with cable and electric switch, the docking bridge telephone, and a capstan controller." Personal artifacts included "a pair of binoculars, a pair of opera glasses, a leather case with sixty-five intact perfume ampoules belonging to first class passenger Mr. Adolphe Saafeld, a bowler hat, a collapsible top hat, first class Stonier & Company demitasse and dinner plate, a camera with eleven bits of Nitrate film, and two first-class, silver plated dishes that were probably used as collection plates during the Sunday services.  Other standout item include a base for a cherub that is likely from the Grand Staircase judging by its size and shape, as well as the first-class staircase garland (two portions of gilded wood that would have been applied to the balustrade).  Nine leather bags were found, including the alligator bag belonging to third class passenger Mrs. Marion Meanwell, and a leather suitcase belonging to Mr. William Henry Allen, whose personal items were tightly, neatly packed.  The total number of artifacts retrieved from the bags is well over one hundred."

Jan. 31, 2001

Michel Navratil, who was just three years old when the Titanic sank, dies in Montpellier, France. He was the last male survivor of the disaster.

R.M.S. Titanic

TimeLine:
Construction   Maiden Voyage    Sinking   Aftermath

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