History of the Psychology
A TimeLine of psychological ideas
by
Marcos Emanoel Pereira
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
The main events of the history of the psychology
are represented in a timeline that extends since the
year 600 before our era until the present time.To make it faster for you, we have divided the
timeline in three parts:Year 600 before our era to 1899
1900 to 1949
1950 up to our daysIn the descriptions of these events you will find
some hypertexts links that refer to some of the information
available on the Internet regarding the subject.
Conventions:
The events that happened in Brazil are written in this color The events that happened in Europe are written in this color The events that happened in America are written in this color The events that happened in Asia are written in this color The events that happened in Africa are written in this color The events that happened in Australia are written in this color
Year 600 before our era to 1899
600 years before our time
The cosmogonic hypotheses of Greek mathematician and
philosopher Thales of Miletus
500 years before our time
- 580
The Greek philosopher Anaximander organizes a world map
- 550
Pythagoras of Samos enunciates his famous theorem
- 500 to -428
Life of Greek philosopher Anaxagoras
400 years before ours time
-474
Parmenides of Elea writes On Nature-460 a -370
Life of Greek philosopher Democritus
-427 a -348
Life of Greek philosopher Plato
300 years before ours time-399
Socrates dies
-384 a -322
Life of Greek philosopher Aristotle
-367
Plato founds the Academy
-360
Plato writes Timaeus
-350
Aristotle writes The AnimaAristotle writes On memory and reminiscence
-347
Plato dies
-335
Aristotle founds the Lyceum
426
Augustine finishes
City of God
1264
Thomas Aquinas publishes SummaTheologica
1253
Robert Grosseteste dies
1294
Roger Bacon dies
1349
William of Ockham dies
1462
Marsilio Ficino establishes Platonic Academy in Florence
1506
The Croatian humanist Marco Marulic employs the term psichiologia
1508
Dutch humanist Erasmus publishes the The Praise of Folly
1513
Italian humanist Nicolau Maquiavel publishes The Prince
1516
English writer Thomas Morus publishes The Utopia
1524
Marco Marulik publishes The Psychology of Human Thought volume 1
1540
Phillip Melanchton publishes Commentary about the Soul
1543
Belgian physiologist Vesalius practices the dissection of cadavers
1557
Alonso de la Veracruz publishes in Mexico the book Physica Speculatio
1566
Bernardino Alvarez establishes in Mexico the Hospital de San Hipolito,the first
in the Americas dedicated to serving patients with psychological problems
1575
Johannes Thomas Freigius uses the term psychologia in the book Catalogue
of Common Places
1579
Johannes Thomas Freigius re-utilizes the term psychologia in the latin book
Quaestiones Physicae
1586
Giovanni Battista della Porta publishes a body morphology book De Humana
Physiognomonia
1588
The french theologist Noel Taillepied use the French word psichologie in the
book Psychology. The book is about the realities of spirits, knoledge of erring
souls, phantoms, miracles and strange happenings, which at times precede the
death of important personalities, or announces that affairs of state are falling
apart.
1590
Rudolphus Goclenius writes a treatise under the title Psychology
1594
Otto Cassman, a student of Glocenius, writes Psychologia Anthropologica, or
Animae Humanae Doctrina
1605
Francis Bacon publishes The Proficiency and Advancement of Learning
1616
English physiologist William Harvey explains the blood's circulation
1624
Pierre Gassendi publishes Paradoxes Against the Aristotelian
1632
Galilei Galileo publishes Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the
World
1635
E. Neuhaus, a student of Cassman, publishes a book that summarizes the
reason for studying psychology
1637
French philosopher Renê Descartes publishes Discourse on Method
1649
René Descartes postulates the total separation of body and soul in the
book Passions of the Soul
1651
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan
1677
Benedict de Spinoza dies
1690
English philosopher John Locke publishes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1692
Christian Thomasius publishes in Germany the book Further Elucidation by Different
Examples of the recent Proposals for a New Science for Discerning the Nature of
Other Men’s Mind
1709
George Berkeley publishes An Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision
1732
Christian von Wolff publishes a treatise of empirical psychology
1734
Christian von Wolff publishes a treatise of rational psychology
1745
Julien Offray de La Mettrie publishes The Natural History of the Soul
1748
David Hume publishes An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Julien Offray de La Mettrie publishes L'Homme Machine
1751
Robert Whytt, in the book, On the Vital and Other Involuntary Motions
of Animals summarizes the physiology of reflex
1752
Mathias Ayres Ramos da Silva de Eça publishes Reflections on the the
men's vanity or Moral speeches on the effects of the
vanity
1754
E. Condillac, in his Treatise on Sensation, maintained that sensations are
the only source of knowledgeThe Swiss scientist and philosopher Charles Bonnet publishes Essay
about Psychology
1764
After publishing Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of
Common Sense, Thomas Reid accepted the Chair of Moral Philosophy
at Glasgow
1765
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz publishes New Essays on the Human
Understanding
1768
The Scottish physiologist Robert Whytt uses the expression motion
from a stimulus
1771
Johann August Unzer uses the term reflex to distinguish this kind of
action from that carried out volitionally
1774
Franz Mesmer performed his first supposed cure using "animal
magnetism"
1775
The Swiss minister Johann Caspar Lavater publishes Essays on the
Physiognomony Designated to promote the knowledge and Love of Mankind
1777
A Scottish physician, William Cullen, publishes First Line in the practice
of Physic in which he uses the term neurosis to define mental illness
1782
German philosopher Immanuel Kant publishes The Critic of the Pure Reason
1785
Thomas Reid publishes Essay in the Intellectual Powers of ManJohann Jakob Emgel distinguishes the expressive and representational
behavior of the actor in the book Ideas for a Mimic
1786
Established in Ecuador the Hospital San LazaroLuigi Galvani reports the results of experiments on the stimulation of the
muscles of the frog by application of an electric pulse
1788
Thomas Reid publishes Essay on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
1789
Thomas Malthus publishes Essays on the progress of the population
Jerome Bentham publishes Principles of Morals and Legislation
1790
Erasmus Darwin produces a theory of human behavior and experience in
terms of three fundamental categories: stimulation, muscular contraction and
a central sensory power
1794
French philosopher Denis Diderot publishes Essays on the Progress of
the Human SpiritFrancisco de Mello Franco publishes Theological Medicine
1797
Joaquín Millás publishes in Argentina the book Instituiciones psicológicas
1802
Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis publishes Traité du Physique et du
Moral de l'HommeThomas Young publishes A Theory of Color Vision in which he
postulate that the retina is equipped with three kinds of color-sensitive
points
1805
Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim left Vienna motivated by
the Austrian government's displeasure with Gall's doctrine
1809
Gall and Spurzheim publish a book on descriptive anatomy of brain,
Recherches sur le Systèm Nerveux
1810
1810
Gall publishes the first volume of Anatomie et Physionomie du Systèm
Nerveux
1811
Sir Charles Bell reports to associates at a dinner party the anatomical
separation of sensory and motor function of spinal cord
1813
Francisco de Mello Franco publishes Elements of Hygiene or Theoretical
and Practical Precepts to Conserve Health and to Prolong Life
1815
J. K. Surzheim publishes The Phisiognonimal System of Drs.Gall and
Spurzheim
1816
Johann Friedrich Herbart publishes Lehrbuch zur Psychologie
1817
Ernst Weber was appointed Dozent in physiology at the University
of Leipzig
1818
Spurzheim publishes Observations sur la phrénologie, ou la
Naissance de l'Homme
1820
1820
German philosopher Friedrich Eduard Beneke publishes On the
Relationship between the Soul and the Body
1821
Rudolphi Burdach defines the task of physiology as including the
study of psychological matter
1822
Phrenological doctrines was available in America when George Combe
publishes Essays on Phrenology, Or An Inquiry into the Principles and
Utility of the Systemof Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, and into the objections
Made Against It.Francis Magendie publishes an article which postulates the separation of
sensory and motor function of the spinal cordBaron Cuvier postulates the use of the term l'intelligence , rather than
reason, in the context of discussion about intelligent behavior of animals
1830
1832
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim suggests 35 special faculties of the mind
1834
Johannes Müller publishes Handbüch des Physiologie des Menschen
1836
Manuel Inácio de Figueiredo defends in Rio of Janeiro the thesis
Passions and Affections of the Soul
1838
Johannes Müller publishes Elements of Physiology
1840
1840
Friedrich August Rauch publishes in America the book Psychology, or
A View of the Human Soul; including Anthropology
1842
Samuel Schmuker publishes in America the book Psychology: Elements
of a New System of mental Philosophy or The Basis of Consciousness
and Common Sense
1843
José Augusto Cesar de Menezes defends in Rio de Janeiro the thesis
Propositions regarding the IntelligenceJohn Stuart Mill publishes A system of Logic
1848
The french neurologist Jean-Baptiste Bouillard offered 500 francs to
anyone who could show him a brain from an individual who had suffered
from speech disturbance and did not have damage to the left frontal lobe
1850
1851
Francisco Tavares da Cunha defends in Salvador the thesis Psychophysiology
concerning the ManManuel Ancizar publishes Lecciones de Psicología , the first psychological
book published in Colombia1852
Sir Henry Holland publishes Chapters on Mental Physiology
1853
The first program in mental health, The Casa de Orates is established in Chile
1855
Herbert Spencer publishes the two volumes of the Principles of PsychologyAlexander Bain publishes the first psychological textbook: The senses and the intellect
1856
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz publishes the first volume of
the Handbuch der physiologischen Optik
1858
Wilhelm Wundt becomes assistant of Hermann von Helmholtz
1859
Charles Darwin publishes The origin of the speciesAlexander Bain publishes The Emotions and the Will
1860
1860
Gustav Fechner publishes The Elements of PsychophysicsThomas Laycock publishes Mind and Brain
1861
Paul Broca shows that the loss of speech in one individual is due to a
lesion in third convolution of the left frontal lobe
1862
Wundt teaches a summer course entitled Psychology as a Natural Science
1863
Wundt publishes Lectures on Human and Animal PsychologyI. M. Sechenov publishes a monograph Reflexes of the Brain , in which
he attempted to analyze the higher order functions in terms of the reflex
schema
1865
F. Galton publishes Hereditary talent and character
1864
Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro defends in Salvador the thesis Relationship of the
Medicine with the Philosophical Sciences: Legitimacy of Psychology
1867
Henry Maudsley publishes Physiology and Pathology of the MindTheodor Piderit, a critic of phrenology, publishes Scientific System of
Mimics and Physiognomy
1868
Dutch physiologist F. C. Donders publishes Over den snelheid van
psychische processen
1869
Francis Galton publishes Hereditary GeniusFrancis Galton uses the normal distribution for purposes of classification
1870
1870
G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig realize the first direct electric stimulation
of the brain
1871
Charles Darwin publishes The descent of man
1872
French neurologist Jean Marie Charcot begins to teach in La SalpêtrièreCharles Darwin publishes The Expression of the Emotions in the Man and
in the Animals
1873
Wundt publishes Principles of Physiological Psychology
1874
Franz Brentano publishes Psychology from an Empirical StandpointWundt left Heidelberg for a position at the University of Zurich
William Benjamin Carpenter publishes Principles of Mental Physiology, a
book which was extensively cited by William James
1875
William James taught the course The relationships among the Physiology
and the PsychologyFrancis Galton publishes History of twins
Wundt leaves Zurich and goes to University of Leipzig
1876
Guedes Cabral defends in Rio de Janeiro the thesis Functions of the BrainFrancis Galton uses the method of twin comparisons
Alexander Bain establishes Mind, the first journal devoted to psychological
researchThéodule Ribot establishes the Revue Philosophique in which psychological
work frequently appears
1877
Charles Darwin publishes A biographical sketch of a infant
1879
Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychological laboratory at the University
of Leipzig in GermanyFrancis Galton utilizes the method of word association
Lightner Witmer uses for the first time the term clinical psychology
1880
F. Galton publishes Statistics of mental imagery
Francis Galton makes systematic use of questionaries1881
Max Friedrich becomes the recipient of first doctoral degree in
experimental psychology1882
George Romanes develops his anedoctal method in the book
Animal InteligenceWilliam T. Preyer publishes the first volume of The Mind of the Children
1883
Francis Galton publishes Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its
DevelopmentThe first laboratory of psychology in America is established at Johns
Hopkins UniversityUniversity authorities gave Wundt's Leipzig laboratory formal
recognitionWilhelm Wundt establishes Philosophische Studien to publish the
results of his laboratory research
1884
William James publishes What is an emotion ?John Dewey publishes The new psychology
French doctor Hipollyte Bernheim publishes On the Suggestion in the
hypnotic state
1885
Herman Ebbinghaus publishes Memory: A contribution to experimental
PsychologyThe first laboratory of psychology in Italy is established at the
University of RomeFrancis Galton introduces tests batteries to arrive at a manysided assessment
of abilities for a given person
1886
James McKeen Cattell publishes The time taken up by cerebral operationsErnst Mach publishes The Analysis of Sensations
V. Betcherev founds the first laboratory of psychology in Russian territory
Victor Horsley described early successful surgery for epilepsy to the Section
on Surgery of the British Medical Association
1887
The Journal of American Psychology publishes the article "Dermal Sensitiveness
to Gradual Presure Changes" written by Hall and the pioneer of psychology in
Japan, Yuzero Motora
1888
J. McKeen Cattell becomes America's first professor of psychology at the
University of PennsylvaniaYuzero Motora earns the first PhD degree in japanese with the thesis
"Exchange: Considered as the Principles of Social Life"
1889
The first laboratory of psychology in Canada is established at the University
of TorontoFirst International Congress of Psychology
The first laboratory of psychology in France is established at the Sorbonne
Theodule Ribot is appointed Professor of Experimental Psychology at
the College of FranceFirst Chinese translation of a western psychology book, Mental Philosophy ,
of Joseph Raven, by Yan Yougjing
1890
1890
José Estelita Rodrigues inaugurates research about cognition with the
work Psychology of thePerception and RepresentationsVeríssimo Dias de Castro publishes On Emotions
Benjamim Constant Reform introduces the notions of psychology in the
curricula of the Normal SchoolsWilliam James publishes Principles of Psychology
J. M. Cattell publishes Mental tests and measurements.
Christian von Ehrenfels publishes About the qualities of the gestalt
Pierre Janet succeeds Charcot as head of the Psychological Laboratory
at the SalpètriereGabriel Tarde publishes The Laws of imitation
Yuzero Motora becomes Professor of Psychology at The Imperial
University of Tokio
1891
Odilon Goulart writes Psychoclinical studies of AphasiaJames M. Cattell moves to Columbia University as Professor of Psychology
and administrative head of the departmentThe first laboratory of psychology in Belgium is established in Louvain
1892
William James writes The stream of consciousnessThe American Psychological Association is founded, having 42 members
Edward Titchener introduces structuralism in America.
Christine Ladd Franklin completes the doctoral program in psychology, no
degree granted due to prohibition against womemJ. M. Baldwin publishes The psychological laboratory in the University
of Toronto
1893
Ezequiel Cháves was named the first professor of psychology in MexicoOswald Külpe publishes Outline of Psychology
The first laboratory of psychology in Holland is established in Gronigen
The Laboratory of Experimental Psychology is established at the University
of Iassy, Romania
1894
Alberto Seabra publishes the first brazilian psychological study about
memory: The Memory and the PersonalityJohn Dewey publica The ego as cause
Cattell and Baldwin found Psychological Review, Psychological Index and
Psychological MonographsMargaret Floy Washburn becomes the first woman to receive a PhD in
psychologyThe first laboratory of psychology in Austria is established at the
University of GraazPhilippe Tessié publishes an article in which he discusses the psychological
and physiological aspects of bicycle racingC. Lloyd Morgan develops his famous canon in the book Introduction to
Comparative Psychology
1895
Mary Whiton Calkins receives a doctoral degree in psychologyJ. M. Baldwin publishes Types of reaction
Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud publish Studies on Hystery
Gustave Le Bon publishes Psychologie de Foules
1896
John Dewey publishes in the Psychological Review his famous article
The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology
Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of
psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in
the worldBenjamin Bourdon establishes the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology
and Linguistics at the University of Rennes1897
Julio Afrânio Peixoto publishes Epilepsy and CrimeNorman Tripllet publishes The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking
and competition.William Wundt publishes Outlines of Psychology
Laboratories of psychology are established at the Universities of Cambridge
and of London
The first laboratory of psychology in Poland is established at the University
of CracowAngelo Mosso publishes the book Physiology of Man in the Alps , in which he
studies the psychological and physiological effects of mountain climb
1898
Franco da Rocha establishes new services at the Central Asylum of JuqueriEdward Titchener publishes The postulates of a Structural Psychology
E. L. Thorndike publishes Animal Inteligence
Baldin, Cattel & Jastrow publish Physical and mental tests.
Horacio Pinero establishes a psychology laboratory in Buenos Aires
Norman Triplett conducts at the Indiana University the first experiment in
sport psychologyEmile Durkheim publishes Représentations individuelles et représentations
collectives
1899
H. S. Jennings publishes The Psychology of a Protozoan , later The Behavior
of ParameciumHelen Bradford Thompson receives a doctoral degree in psychology
W. Caldwell publishes The postulates of a structural psychology
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