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An-Az

Last checked or modified: June 8, 1999

ANA: A free, extensive, interactive data and image processing software package and language for UNIX/X11 systems. ANA has a vast number of built-in subroutines and functions which can be divided into several groups including those for:

manipulation of arrays;

finding data and positions of planets;

standard binary operations;

color manipulation routines;

data compression, conversion and creation;

providing debugging assistance;

capturing X11 keyboard and mouse events;

providing information about variables, functions, subroutines, etc.;

dealing with data I/O to screen, disk, tape or from the keyboard;

performing various mathematical functions and tasks;

creating and using X11 menus;

creating and manipulating 2-D plots;

creating and plotting PostScript files;

performing various ANA operations;

using the variable stack;

dealing with text strings;

providing various system information;

dealing with the topology of datasets;

dealing with X11 graphical screen output; and

processing multi-dimensional data in various ways.

ANA also contains several packages of routines with additional capabilities unrelated to the general routines. These packages, which can be chosen to be compiled with the overall package, include:

ASTRON, routines related to astronomy and calendars;

DEVELOP, functions and routines under development;

X11, routines that use X11 for various graphical purposes;

CHECKER, a compilation package that adds code that checks for and supplies useful information about memory leakage and illegal memory access;

JPEG, for reading and writing JPEG files;

MOTIF, routines that use Motif;

GIF, for reading and writing GIF images;

RAISE, a compiler option that interrupts ANA when a memory allocation/deallocation error is detected; and

DEBUG, modifies routines that deal with memory allocation and deallocation such that they display warning messages when nasty things happen.

A source code distribution is available which has been successfully installed on several UNIX/X11 platforms including Linux Intel. An extensive (300+ page) user's manual is available in the usual formats.
[http://ana.lmsal.com/]
Analog: A Web log analysis program. The features include a fast response time, ease of installation and use, flexibility (i.e. over 180 options producing 17 different reports), the capability of creating output in 7 different languages in 3 output formats, the production of aesthetically pleasing output that complies with HTML specs, understanding several different log formats (e.g. common log format, old-style NCSA format, NCSA/Apache referrer log format, etc.), and much. It's freely available under the conditions of a license and is available for any UNIX, Mac or VMS machine and almost all PCs. The documentation is contained within a large README file available in ASCII and HTML formats.

[http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~sret1/analog/]
ANALGWST: A set of programs to calculate analytical solutions for 1-, 2-, and 3-D solute transport in groundwater systems with uniform flow. Analytical solutions are useful for predicting the fate of solutes in ground water. The individual programs comprising the package are:

finite, for 1-D solute transport in a finite system;

seminf, for 1-D solute transport in a semi-infinite system;

point2, for 2-D solute transport in an infinite system with a continuous point source;

stripf, for 2-D solute transport in a finite-width system with a finite-width solute source;

stripi, for 2-D solute transport in an infinite-width system with a finite-width solute source;

gauss, for 2-D solute transport in an infinite-width system with solute source having a Gaussian concentration distribution;

point3, for 3-D solute transport in an infinite system with a continuous point source;

point3_mod, a modified point3 version;

patchf, for 3-D solute transport in a finite-width and finite-height system with a finite-width and finite-height source; and

patchi, for 3-D solute transport in an infinite-width and infinite-height system with a finite-width and finite-height source.

A source code distribution of ANALGWST for UNIX platforms is available. The primary documentation is contained within Wexler (1992) and Wexler (1992). This is part of the USGS Water Resources Applications Software collection.
[http://water.usgs.gov/software/analgwst.html]
Analyz: An interactive, vector-oriented language permitting detailed data reduction and analysis. Analyz has many built-in functions and is easily extended via the definition of new functions in terms of old ones. Nested definitions allow complex operations to be defined in a modular way. External programs written in Fortran and C can also be used from within Analyz for data analysis and specialized I/O purposes. Source and binary distributions are available, with one of the latter being for Linux Intel platforms. Documentation is contained in a 100+ page user's manual available in PostScript format.
[ftp://naic.edu/pub/Analyz/]
ANALYZE: A package designed to provide computer assistance for analyzing linear programs and their solutions. It is presumed that a linear program has already been formulated and an instance has been generated with some language. It has three levels of use: (1) providing a convenient interactive query to navigate through a linear program with or without a solution already having been obtained from some solver; (2) providing procedures to assist analysis in a variety of ways, e.g. answers to standard sensitivity questions, etc.; and (3) providing an artificially intelligent environment with results automatically translated into English.

An executable binary version of ANALYZE is available for both DOS and Linux platforms. The official manual is a pricey beastie, more information about which can be found at the IMPS Software site. You might want to also check out the MODLER and RANDMOD packages available at the same site. A quick summary of the ins and outs of optimization can be found at the NEOS Guide Optimization Tree. See Greenberg (1993).

[http://www.cudenver.edu/~hgreenbe/imps/softget.html]
ANDF: The Architectural Neutral Distribution Format is a software porting technology that makes it possible to develop software for open systems that is independent of processor architecture and operating system. It is based on an intermediate compiler language in which all target dependence is abstracted out and deferred to installation, i.e. ANDF compiles high-level source code into machine-independent byte code which can be executed on any machine on which an ANDF installer is located without further modification. Compilation is divided into two parts with ANDF:

a producer (similar to a compiler front-end) that processes source code and target-independent header files to produce the ANDF form of the application; and

an installer (similar to a compiler back-end) which combines the ANDF code with target-dependent definitions and libraries to produce an executable program or object code library.

The TenDRA package is an implementation of ANDF principles.
[http://www.gr.osf.org/andf/]
[http://slashdot.org/features/98/10/20/116240.shtml]
[http://www.sis.port.ac.uk/~mab/Computing-FrameWork/OSF-DE.html]
[http://www.npac.syr.edu/NPAC1/PUB/wojtek/hpsin/hpandf.html]
ANEP: The Active Network Encapsulation Protocol specifies a mechanism for encapsulating Active Network frames for transmission over different media.
[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~switchware/ANEP/]
ANICI: A modified version of the ICI language providing various features designed to make it more suitable for developing larger programs as well as for adding distributed programming features. The ANICI extensions include:

object serialization;

dynamic loading of language extensions;

ICI program debugging;

user-defined types; and

many new functions and additions to existing functions and types.

ANICI can be obtained as either a patch for ICI or as a complete distribution by itself.
[http://www.zeta.org.au/~atrn/ici/distfiles/contrib/anici.html]
Angel: A tool for monitoring services on a network, Angel is a Perl program that runs at periodic intervals and calls various Perl subprograms that do the actual testing. It then generates an HTML table containing information on network status. The features include:

centralized administration, i.e. only one main file needs to be modified;

easy customization and extension via a plug-in concept;

monitoring of results via the Web;

support for hte LEDSign Java applet;

support for Javascript; and

ssh support.

A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.ism.com.br/~paganini//angel/]
[http://ibm-0.MPA-Garching.MPG.DE/angel/]
anim: A system for algorithm animation developed by Jon Bentley and Brian Kernighan. A description of an animation is created in a special language and the result can either be shown as a movie on X11 or used to create still shots. See Bentley and Kernighan (1991) which is also available as Computing Science Tech Report 132 in the research/cstr directory at the same site.

[http://www.netlib.org/research/]
ANNIE: An interactive hydrologic analysis and data management package designed to help users interactively store, retrieve, list, plot, echeck, and update spatial, parametric, and time-series data for hydrologic models and analyses. The data are stored in direct access files in Watershed Data Management (WDM) format, a format used by many software packages developed by the USGS and EPA. WDM files are binary, direct-access files organized into data sets, with each set containing a specific type of data, e.g. streamflow at a specific site or air temperature at a weather station. Each data set also contains attributes that describe the data, i.e. metadata. Data sets in other formats (e.g. flat ASCII files) can be converted to WDM format using the IOWDM program.

A source code distribution of ANNIE for UNIX platforms is available. The primary documentation is contained within Flynn et al. (1995). This is part of the USGS Water Resources Applications Software collection.
[http://water.usgs.gov/software/annie.html]
ANNLIB: See SPRANNLIB.
ANRAY: A seismological package that can be used for the computation of rays, travel times, ray amplitudes, and ray synthetic seismograms in 3-D laterally varying structures containing isotropic and/or anisotropic layers. Synthetic seismograms can be constructed at receivers distributed regularly or irregularly along the surface, at interfaces, or on vertical profiles.

The nine programs comprising ANRAY are:

ANRAY, the basic program designed for ray, travel time, and ray amplitude computations in one of two modes (initial-value or two-point ray tracing), with polarization vectors, geometrical spreading and reflection, transmission and conversion coefficients evaluated along the rays;

ANRAYPL, for plotting horizontal and vertical ray diagrams as well as time-distance and amplitude-distance curves of individual elementary waves computed by ANRAY;

SYNTAN, used for the computation of ray synthetic seismograms using Gabor wavelets as the source-time function;

FRESAN and SYNFAN, used for the frequency domain computation of ray synthetic seismograms, with the former computing the frequency response and the latter multiplying it by the spectrum of the considered source-time function;

SEISPLOT, for plotting synthetic seismograms generated by SYNTAN;

BPLOT, for plotting those generated by SYNTAN;

POLARPLOT, for plotting polar motion diagrams for results from either; and

VELPLOT, for plotting plane sections of slowness, phase velocity and group velocity surfaces from the results of ANRAY.

A source code distribution of the ANRAY programs is available. It is written in Fortran 77 with the graphics routines throughout making calls to standard CALCOMP routines. Documentation is contained mainly within the source code files themselves as well as in some technical reports.
[http://seis.karlov.mff.cuni.cz/consort/main.htm]
ANTLR: A language tool which provides a framework for constructing recognizers, compilers, and translators from grammatical descriptions containing C, C++, or Java actions. This was formerly knowns as the PCCTS, with PCCTS 1.33 having consisted of a lexical analyzer generator (DLG), a parser generator (ANTLR), and a tree parser generator (SORCERER). ANTLR 2.00 is a complete rewrite of PCCTS 1.33 in Java. It embodies all three of the previous PCCTS tools although it generalizes the notion of scanning, parsing, and tree walking into the simpler idea of applying grammatical structure to an input stream containing characters, tokens, or tree nodes. ANTLR 2.00 generates only Java but there are plans to extend it to generate other languages such as C++. See Parr (1997).

[http://www.ANTLR.org/]
[http://www.mcs.net/~tmoog/pccts.html]
[http://www.empathy.com/pccts/index.html]
AnyTool: A generalized Java application based on an architecture allowing users to choose what programs they want to use and how to use them. Consistency and common functionality are provided across all applications. AnyTool development is predicated on:

a plugin-based architecture in which new programs can easily be added to the same interface;

a document-view architecture with the capability of editing the same file from two views or two tools along with the ability to reuse common code;

document-tool associations wherein the document is the focus rather than the tool being used; and

Open Source for the tool and all components.

The currently (12/98) available tools for AnyTool are:

TextEditor, a simple text editor;

CodeEditor, a version of TextEditor with audo-indent;

JavaEditor, a version of CodeEditor with Java syntax coloring support;

ProjectTool, for viewing or modifying a Java software project;

DevelopmentEnvironmentTool, for viewing or modifying the Java environment being used to build a project;

BuildTool, for building and running projects written using ProjectTool and DevelopmentEnvironmentTool;

Console, for use as a UNIX shell window; and

WebBrowser, a simple Web browser.

A source code distribution of AnyTool and its components is available.
[http://home.att.net/~takamori/anytool/]
AODV: The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing protocol is for use by mobile nodes in an ad hoc network characterized by frequent changes in link connectivity to each other caused by relative movement.
[http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/ draft-ietf-manet-aodv-02.txt]
[http://beta.ece.ucsb.edu/~eroyer/aodv.html]
AOLserver: A web server with a multithreaded architecture. AOLserver uses threads to achieve fast response times and the multiple, simultaneous servicing of connections. An nsthread platform independent C API for multithreaded programming includes functions to create and wait for new threads, thread local storage for maintaining per-thread data, and mutex, critical section, semaphore and event objects to protect shared resources. The HTTP is implemented over underlying network protocols through the use of plug-in communcations drivers including:

nssock, for implementing HTTP over TCP/IP sockets;

nsssl, for implementing HTTP over SSL TCP/IP sockets; and

nsfile, which implements HTTP using regular file system input and output files for black box testing purposes.

A full text engine is also included as is a platform independent interface to SQL relational databases.
AOLserver includes a complete C API which allows the user to write:

custom request functions to handle HTTP requests to a URL,

custom URL-to-file translation routines to convert an HTTP URL to a file in a local filesystem,

database drivers to interface the nsdb module to an external DBMS,

a communications driver so HTTP can be implemented over new underlying protocols,

request trace functions which run after each HTTP request, and

a scheduled procedure which runs at regular intervals to implement, e.g. a statistics gathering system.

The Tcl scripting language is included as an integral part of the architecture. This interface is also multithreaded to allow more than one Tcl script to simultaneously operate. The interface can be extended to include custom Tcl commands, includes a module with commands to access open databases, provides a command for opening TCP/IP sockets to implement quick HTTP transactions, and includes useful commands for accessing HTML form data.
Binary distributions of AOLserver are available for several platforms include Linux Intel. It is also available as Open Source. Extensive documentation is separately available in several formats.
[http://www.aolserver.com/]
Apache: A PAtCHy server is an HTTP server that is a plug-in replacement for NCSA 1.3 and much more. In addition to fixing bugs and security holes seen in the latter, is more efficient and faster, offers better compliance with existing HTTP specs, and implements additional features. These include DBM databases for authentication, customized responses to errors and problems, multiple directory index directives, unlimited numbers of alias and redirect directives, content negotiation, multi-homed servers, and more.

A useful feature of Apache is modules, i.e. plug-in programs that use a standard API to add additional features to the server. Modules included in the standard distribution include those for:

performing actions based on assigned MIME types,

basic user authentication, controlling per directory access,

execution of CGI programs,

dynamically loading Apache modules,

a configurable log,

user authenticatin using a DB format database,

controlling filesystem mapping of user directories,

generating directory indexes on the fly,

cookie generation and tracking,

content negotiation of MIME types,

proxy support,

providing server status information,

server side includes,

handling imagemap or MIME files,

passing environment variables to CGI/SSI scripts,

common log format logging,

directory aliasing and redirects,

a log referrer, and

CERN meta file emulation.

Features new to Apache version 1.2 (1/98) include:

conditional compliance with the HPPT/1.1 proposed standard for greater performance and efficieny when transferring files;

extended server side includes (XSSI) which are directives that allow users to better create HTML pages;

file-based and regex-enabled directive sections which allow directives to be enabled based on full filename rather than just directory and URL;

browser-based environment variables that, combined with XSSI, allow the writing of browser-based conditional HTML documents;

the execution of CGI scripts as users other than the server user via setUID;

a URL rewriting mode which provides powerful URL mapping using regular expressions;

enhanced, configurable logging that can log more details about transactions as well as open more than one log file at once;

user tracking (i.e. cookies) revision that makes it possible to disable the generation of cookies;

VirtualHost enhancements that allow more than one IP address or hostname which lets a single vhost handle requests for multiple IPs or hostnames;

resource limits for CGI scripts;

a CGI debugging environment which allows the setting up of a log that records all input and output to failed CGI scripts;

the mod_headers module can be used to set custom headers in the HTTP response;

better compatibility with NCSA 1.5; and

an improved FTP, HTTP, and CONNECT mode SSL proxy with improved FTP proxy supporting PASV mode, a ProxyBlock directive for excluding sites to proxy, and a NoCache directive for disabling proxy cahing.

There are additional contributed Apache modules available for mSQL authentication, setting user/group ID for CGI execution, faking basic authentication using cookies, basic authentication using system accounts, allowing or denying access to user/domain pairs, authenticating users from an LDAP directory, an embedded Perl interpreter, disallowing serving pages based on UID/GID, viewing an FTP archive using WWW, implementing LDAP authentication and access rules, enabling direct execution of Java applets as CGI, using the heitml package, using the PHP/FI package, determing MIME type from file contents, using an embedded Python interpreter, Kerberos authentication, limiting bandwidth based on number of connections, using the NeoWebScript package, and many more.
A source code distribution of Apache is available as are binaries for just about every platform made. It is written in C and can be easily compiled on most platforms. Documentation is available online as well as in Laurie and Laurie (1997), Ricard (1996) and Wainwright (1999).
[http://www.apache.org/]

Apache::ASP

A Perl module providing an ASP port to Apache with Perl as the host scripting language. The features include:

an embedding syntax allowing code to be embedded in HTML in two different ways;

an ASP Object Model where CGI and session management are placed in objects accessible from any script;

a web application events model that allows event-triggered actions to be taken;

modular SSI decomposition and code sharing;

use of cookies for user session support;

XML/XSLT rendering and custom tag technology;

compatibility with function calls in CGI.pm; and

compatibility with PerlScript.

[http://www.nodeworks.com/asp/]

apachedb

A program that can be used to transfer Apache log entries into an MySQL database. This can be used to convert entries on the fly or to convert and entire existing database. It is extensible and allows the development of customizable queries.
[http://www.goofy.gaudi.dhs.org/en/apachedb.php3]

Apache JServ

A Java servlet engine for Apache that is fully compliant with the JavaSoft Java Servlet API 2.0 specification. This servlet engine will work with any version 1.1 compliant Java Virtual Machine, and can also execute Java servlet compliaint with version 2.0. Additional features include:

works as a multi-threaded servlet server separated from web servers to increase server stability and save system resources;

integrated load balancing to allow servers to scale with increasing needs;

smart redirection of requests;

use of the Apache JServ Protocol (JSP) network protocol to allow complex network environments;

separation of servlets into different logical containers (servlet zones) to ease administration and allow context separation;

automatic reloading of servlet classes when they are changed;

trusted servlet execution via MD5-based authentication and IP filtering;

complete support for page compilation, Java server pages, server side includes, and template systems (as external modules); and

extended logging and tracing capabilities.

[http://java.apache.org/jserv/]

Apache-SSL

A secure Web server based on Apache and SSLeay. The features (beyond those of base Apache) include 128 bit encryption worldwide, client authentication, and a modular extension API. A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.apache-ssl.org/]

Apache Toolbox

A package for compiling Apache with PHP, SSL and a host of other ancillary programs including many of the available mod_* programs.
[http://www.damnit.org/index.php?/apachetoolbox]

Comanche

The COnfiguration MANager for apaCHE is project to develop a cross-platform graphical tool for configuring and managing the Apache web server and related software.
[http://comanche.com.dtu.dk/comanche/]

mod_dav

A module providing DAV capabilities for the Apache web server.
[http://www.lyra.org/greg/mod_dav/]

mod_dtcl

An Open Source implementation of server parsed Tcl under Apache. This allows the capabilities of HTML to be extended with the capabilities of Tcl. A source code distribution is available.
[http://comanche.com.dtu.dk/dave/]

mod-perl

A package which makes it possible to write Apache modules entirely in Perl. A persistent interpreter embedded in the server avoids the overhead of starting an external interpreter and the penalty of Perl startup time. This is accomplished by linking the Perl runtime library into the server and providing an object-oriented Perl interface to the server's C language API. Apache modules written in mod-perl can do just about anything that modules written in C can do, with nearly equivalent speed. This is a Perl module.

[http://perl.apache.org/]

mod_roaming

An Apache module that allows the server to be used as a Netscape Roaming Access server. This allows Netscape Communicator 4.5 preferences, bookmarks, address books, cookies, etc. to be stored on the server so the same settings can be used and updated from any Communicator that can access the server.
[http://www.klomp.org/mod_roaming/]

mod_ssl

A module that provides strong cryptography for the Apache 1.3 web server via SSL. The features include:

X.509 certificate-based authentication for both client and server;

support for per-URL renegotiation of SSL handshake parameters;

advanced pass-phrase handling for private keys;

support for explicit seeding of the PRNG with external sources;

inter-process SSL session cache; and

dedicated SSL engine logging facility.

A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.engelschall.com/sw/mod_ssl/]

PyApache

A Python module for the Apache server which provides better performance for executing Python CGI scripts.
[http://www.msg.com.mx/pyapache/]
APACHE: A project to investigate an approach to programming parallel machines that finds an optimal trade-off between performance and portability. APACHE consists of several components including:

Athapascan-0, a multi-threaded, portable, parallel programming runtime system design to support efficient processing of large, irregular problems. The features include:

multi-threading including local and remote thread creation with argument passing, priority scheduling and semaphores and mutexes;

communication with tagged threads, asynchronous calls, pipes, and buffered communication;

remote memory access with atomic read/write and lock facilities; and

portability via MPI and POSIX threads.

Athapascan-1, a high level data flow language that is the application programming interface of the Athapascan environment and whose features include:

implementation via an ANSI C++ library;

an ANSI C extension handled by a preprocesor;

implicit communication via a global memory space;

explicit parallelism by asynchronous RPCs;

implicit synchronization;

default implicit scheduling or a customized scheduling strategy.

Athapascan-tr, which provides support for software tracing and performance analysis;

Paje, for visualizing the execution of parallel programs;

Givaro, a C++ library for algebraic computations that includes modules for:

integers and number theory;

fast arithmetic in finite fields;

rationals, fractions, vectors, matrices and linear algebra, polynomials and algebraic numbers.

PEPS, a library for the solution of large discrete event systems; and

Takakaw, a molecular dynamics calculations package.

The portability of the entire suite of programs depends on that of Athapascan-0, which has been ported to Linux platforms running Pthreads and the LAM version of MPI. Documentation includes manuals for all components as well as many technical reports.
[http://www.inria.fr/Equipes/APACHE-eng.html]
APCUPSD: A package for providing UPS power management under Linux for APCC products. This allows a computer to run during power outages for a specified length of time all the way up to the life of the batteries in the UPS. It then executes a controlled shutdown if the power failure is of sufficient duration to require it.

[http://www.brisse.dk/site/apcupsd/]
APE: The APE Portable Environment is an environment and set of class libraries for writing portable threaded servers in C++ under both UNIX and Win32. It provides portable class abstractions for threads and will eventually cover sockets, serial I/O, file handling, and more. The goal is to make writing threaded servers in C++ both practical and convenient for even small, simple projects. A source code distribution is available. This has been incorporated into Common C++.
[ftp://www.voxilla.org/pub/ape/]
apfloat: A high performance arbitrary precision arithmetic package. Multiplications are performed using fast number theoretic transforms with three different moduli and the Chinese Remainder Theorem for optimal memory usage, maximum speed and no roundoff errors. Calculations involving billions of digits can be performed using apfloat. Some of the more recent features added to the package include support for arbitrary bases, complex number arithmetic, floor and ceiling functions, and order(n log n) iterations for log, exponential, trig and hyperbolic functions and their inverses.

Apfloat is written in C++ and will compile using most C++ compilers, although gcc is recommended. The package also includes assembler optimizations for 486 and Pentium processors for maximum performance on PCs. The package comprises a common source file for all systems plus an additional file depending on one's specific system, e.g. Linux, Alpha, general 32-bit UNIX, etc. The documentation is contained in a 30+ page document in PostScript format.
[http://www.jjj.de/mtommila/apfloat/]
APL: A Programming Language (or Array Programming Language) was created at IBM in the 1960s by Ken Iverson and others. Its main purpose was to serve as a powerful executable notation for mathematical algorithms, and it is probably best known for its use of several non-ASCII symbols including some Greek letters. It is a dynamically typed, interactive, array-oriented language with dynamic scoping in which all expressions are evaluated from right to left. See Grey (1973), LePage (1978), Polivka and Pakin (1975), and Rose and Schick (1980).

[http://www.chilton.com/~jimw/]
[ftp://watserv1.uwaterloo.ca/languages/apl/Welcome.html]
aplc: An APL to C translator. Check the files called status* in the directory for the status of this project.
[ftp://csi.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/apl/]
[ftp://ftp.cs.orst.edu/pub/budd/]
[http://www.izap.com/~sirlin/apl/]
APL-11: An APL interpreter for the UNIX operating system. It is written in C and a source code implementation is available.

[ftp://watserv1.uwaterloo.ca/languages/apl/apl-11/]
A++/P++: A++ is a C++ array class for numerical computation designed to work with structured grid computations, including work on overlapping grids and adaptive mesh refinement. P++ is the parallel version of the serial class A++. A++/P++ was designed to simplify the development of numerical software, specifically to allow an application developed in the serial environment to be run on parallel machines with little or no additional effort. It is also intended as a partial solution to a growing crisis in the development of large numerical codes that are required to run on many different serial and complex parallel architectures.

The A++/P++ distribution (35 Mb uncompressed) includes the source code and the documentation. Requirements for compilation and installation include a C++ compiler (g++ will do) and a C and/or a Fortran compiler. The graphics visualization facilities of A++/P++ additionally require the Plotmtv software. The use of P++ requires a communication library. It presently works with both MPI and PVM. This is affiliated with the related POOMA Project, with which it is eventually planned to merge A++/P++. A++/P++ is now obtainable as part of the Overture distribution.
[http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/Overture/]
AppGEN: A high level fourth generation language (4GL) and application generator for producing WWW based applications which are typically used over the Internet or within an intranet. AppGEN applications are implemented as C scripts conforming to the CGI standard.

The programs that comprise AppGEN include:

defgen, which produces a basic template application from a logical data structure with the applications capable of adding, updating, deleting and searching for records within the database whilst automatically maintaining referential integrity;

appgen, the AppGEN compiler which compiles the appgen source code into CGI executable C source and HTML documents ready for deployment; and

dbf2sql, a utility for converting dBase III compatible .dbf files in executable SQL scripts which enables the data stored in most DOS/Windows based packages to be migrated to a SQL server such as PostgreSQL.

The distribution also includes a collection of HTML documents, GIF files and Java applets which are used at runtime by the system.
The current distribution includes Linux ELF binaries for the three programs, the ancillary programs and files, and the full source code. The use of AppGEN requires PostgreSQL, a CGI compatible web server, and an ANSI C compiler.
[http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html]
AppleTalk: A protocol used for intercommunication among Apple computers. The is implemented for Linux platforms via CAP and netatalk.
Apple II+ Emulator: An emulator for the Apple II+ computer written especially for Linux which takes advantage of the SVGA library distribution. It is written partly in assembler and partly in C for speed, and runs about twice as fast as a real II+ on a 486 DX-50 system.

[http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/~badger/files/]
Apprentice: A C++ library that emulates Open Inventor 2.x for reading, modifying and displaying .iv and .wrl files. The current (8/99) implementation features include:

support for serialization of most of the OI 2.x and VRML 1.x objects;

state and element tracking (but no caching);

Linux Motif support;

basic shapes, polygonal and NURBS surfaces with normals, and simple texture mapping;

point, direction and spot lights;

perspective and orthogonal cameras;

node grouping with separators;

serializable engines and field connections; and

property/state/element improvements.

A source code distribution is freely available for non-commercial, educational use.
[http://www.mrpowers.com/Apprentice/]
April: The Agent PRocess Interaction Language is a process-oriented language for implementing intelligent applications on a network as well as a platform to execute applications. It includes several features needed for network computing including a structure for uniquely identifying an agent on a global network, a method for defining mobile codes, a data structure which enables easy exchange of messages between agents, and security features to protect against harmful codes. The April distribution includes:

april, a run-time system;

ac, the April compiler;

apcommserver, a communications server program;

aplist, which lists nameserver contents;

apdebugger, a simple debugger server;

apshell, a simple remote fork server program; and

apdump, a utility program to display the contents of encoded files.

Binary distributions are available for some platforms including Linux Intel. Documentation is included in the distribution. This is part of the larger Network Agents project.
[http://www.nar.fujitsulabs.com/april/]
[http://sourceforge.net/project/?group_id=3173]
APRoPS: The NIST ATM PNNI ROuting Protocol Simulator was developed to provide a means to analyze the behavior of ATM network routing protocols. In this interactive modeling environment with a user-friendly interface the user can create different network topologies, control component parameters, and control the display of the simulation results. The simulator is also designed to guide users wishing to modify the source code to accomodate network components previously undefined or to change the behavior of components already defined. A source code distribution is available which can be compiled and used on most UNIX flavors. This is documented in a user's manual available in the usual formats.
[http://w3.antd.nist.gov/Hsntg/products/aprops_doc.html]
APSL: The Application Print Services Library provides a common printing API for GNU/Linux and other UNIX systems. The functionality provided by the APSL includes:

identifying available printers and the default printer;

acessing printer attributes, e.g. information on a printer's capabilities as well as per-job control over printer specific features such as paper handling, print quality, etc.;

the mechanism for sending a job to be printed;

monitoring and manipulating the list of jobs in printer queues;

printer installation and configuration including administrative control and diagnostics; and

providing a database of available printer models.

[http://opensource.corel.com/printlib.html]
APU: The Algebraic Programming Utilities is a collection of C++ routines implementing resultant-based methods for solving various algebraic-geometric problems including:

counting and enumerating the number of real roots of systems of polynomials;

geometric theorem proving;

implicit point location for geometric modeling; and

robust intersection of surfaces for geometric modeling.

A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~rege/apu/apu.html]
Ara: A platform for the portable and secure execution of mobile agents in heterogeneous networks, where mobile agents are programs with the ability to change their host machine during execution while preserving their internal state. The aim of the Ara project is to provide full mobile agent functionality while retaining as much as possible of established programming models and languages.
The application focus of Ara is on weakly connected and high volume systems such as wireless or intermittently connected computers or globally distributed large data bases, which seem particularly well suited for such applications. The system architecture consists of a core an several processes where agents are executed as processes, with the complete system running as a single application process on top of an unmodified host operating system. The agents are executed within an interpreter for their respective languages, and Ara defines an interface within which interpreters for established languages can be used. Thus far (4/97) the languages which have been adapted to Ara are Tcl and C/C++ (by means of precompilation to MACE, an interpretable byte code).
The Ara package is available as source code. It has been compiled and tested on Sun Solaris and SunOS and Linux Intel platforms. The package is documented in several reports and guides included in the distribution in both PostScript and HTML format.
[http://www.uni-kl.de/AG-Nehmer/Projekte/Ara/index.html]
Arachne: A CORBA implementation bundled with an optional layered toolkit for developed portable C++/CORBA GUI software. Arache is a toolkit for component-based computing developed as part of several projects concerned advanced health care software systems. Arachne is a partial substrate for the construction and integration of modular software capabilities intended to address long-term issues in the creation of component-based software markets. It consists of a collection of useful capabilities including:

portability layers for cooperative multithreading, GUI development, and other parts of a software environment;

a full CORBA implementation that is nearly compliant with the CORBA-2 standard;

a partial implementation of the Common Object Services (COS) associated with the CORBA standard;

a range of component interface standards for various aspects of the application development enviroment;

a class library for application development and a range of GUI and data management component implementations; and

a set of associated utilities such as tools for the textual representation of object instance data and an extensible arithmetic and boolean evaluation engine.

The current (1/98) Arachne release consists of several subsystems including:

CU, basic cross-platform utilities for C/C++ development including a cooperative multithreading API;

OD, textual object instance file format utilities;

DB, database integration utilities and low-level database support (i.e. the Berkeley DB engine);

CG, a cross-platform GUI development layer;

GEN, a full CORBA implementation;

COS, a subset of the OMG standard COS specification;

AR, abstract object interface classes (in IDL) and basic support for CORBA class development;

AOS, Arachne Object Services including an implementation of the Externalization service based on the Berkeley DB engine; and

AC, the Arachne class library.

Tools that are not part of the Arachne core include:

EV, a simple extensible arithmetic and boolean evaluation engine;

SK, a BSD sockets layer for Macintosh with support for multithreading;

XP-RPC, a port of Sun ONC to Macintosh based on SK; and

WW, i.e. WebWorks, an incomplete Arachne application authoring environment.

Additional tools are under development.
Source code distributions of the Arachne components are available for Linux, Windows NT/95, HP/UX, SunOS and Macintosh platforms. All are freely available for non-commercial use. Documentation is scattered about in several file formats.
[http://dsg.harvard.edu/public/arachne/]
ARB: A package of graphically oriented tools for establishing, handling and using hierarchical databases of sequences and associated information. The source code is available as are binary distributions for several platforms including Linux Intel.
[http://www.mikro.biologie.tu-muenchen.de/]
arcem: An emulator for the Acorn Archimedes A3xx to A4xx series computer.
[ftp://ftp.arm.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/arcem/]
ARCH: An object-oriented library of tools for parallel programming built on top of the MPI communication library. It offers a set of flexible programming constructs for parallel software development for asynchronous and loosely synchronous system programming, creating the illusion of shared memory on distributed memory machines. ARCH allows the distribution of arrays as well as user-defined data structures such as pointers to remote data. ARCH consists of a set of programming constructs dedicated to concurrent and parallel programming organized around the central notion of threading, where the threads are defined and run inside of MPI processes as asynchronous event-driven tasks. The library consists of several sets of C++ classes including:

a threading class consisting of co-routines and co-routines with restricted behavior targeted on structured concurrent program writing;

a synchronous point-to-point communication class which defines synchronous channels and implements the protocols for performing communication;

an asynchronous point-to-point communication class analogous to the synchronous class;

distributed data type and remote direct read/write functions'

functions implementing global pointers and spread arrays, with the former a data object aimed at point to any memory location and the latter a data structure of any dimension spread over a process group;

a class for creating process groups and communication universes that is safe with respect to threading;

a set of non-blocking collective functions designed to be safe with threading; and

a set of classes dedicated to parallel I/O based on the ROMIO package.

A source code distribution of ARCH is available which has been ported to several platforms including workstation clusters running Linux. Documentation includes online reference and I/O reference manuals. See also Adamo (1998).
[http://lagaffe.cpe.fr/~arch/]
[ftp://ftp.tc.cornell.edu/pub/ARCH/]
ARCH (stats): A set of Fortran statistical programs for the full range of univariate models such as ARCH, GARCH, GARCH-M, Student-t, and conditional GARCH. It also includes multivariate versions of the Factor ARCH and diagonal multivariate model. Documentation is mosty internal.
[http://weber.ucsd.edu/Depts/Econ/Software/ARCH.html]
Ardour: A multichannel hard disk sound recorder capable of recording 24 or more channels of 32 bit audio at 48 KHz. This is intended to function as a profession HDR system that replaces dedicated hardware solutions such as the Mackie HDR, the Tascam 2424, or tape systems like the Alexis ADAT series. Ardour supports MIDI Machine Control, and can thus be controlled from any MMC controller. The features include:

recording in 16-, 20-, 24- and even 32-bit formats;

recording at 44.1, 48, 88.2 and 96 KHz;

a physical channel capacity limited by the number on the audio interface and the ability of the hard disk subsystem to stream the data back and forth;

support for any audio interface supported by the ALSA project;

unlimited takes per track subject to available disk space;

recording of each channel to a headerless mono data file containing floating point data, with utilities for converting to standard formats;

a multichannel audio editor that is completely non-destructive and capable of all standard non-linear editing operations, and has unlimited undo/redo;

support for the LADSPA plugin standard such that arbitrary plugins can be attached to any portion of a track;

a novel approach to metering digital "overs";

track folding, i.e. every track has an input and output channel that don't need to be the same channel;

dynamic punch allowing tracks to be punched in while the system is playing or recording;

one touch recording;

adjustable pre-roll and post-roll;

adjustable cross-fading that can be automatically applied to data when punching in and out;

automatic punching in and out and looping via the definition of a pair of locate points;

monitoring the input on every channel;

real-time channel lock display;

a fully skinnable and themeable GUI; and

a multi-processor capable design.

Ardour requires an audio interface supported by ALSA. It has been written primarily for the RME Hammerfall Digi96** cards, although it should be operational with any ALSA-supported card.
[http://ardour.sourceforge.net/]
Arena: A general-purpose Web browser built on top of the multithreaded version of the W3C Reference Library. It was originally created by the W3 Consortium as a test bed for advanced HTML specification features, but was taken over by Yggdrasil in early 1997 when W3 began using the Amaya package as a testbed. The current (7/97) version of Arena supports HTML 3.0 (i.e. the HTML 3.2 standard preprocessor which includes the MATH tag, tables, forms, etc.), cascading style sheets (CSS), style sheet editing, MIME, direct access to WAIS engines, HTTP 1.1, HTML editing via an external editor, external client communication (i.e. allowing other applications to know what URL is being displayed by Arena), and the PNG, JPEG, and GIF graphics formats.

As of 7/97 Yggdrasil is providing weekly developer source code releases until it decides that it's stable enough to start providing binary releases. It has updated Arena to use the latest W3C Reference Library and plans to make several more improvements.
[http://www.yggdrasil.com/Products/Arena/]
[http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Arena/]
ARfit: A Matlab package for the estimation and spectral decomposition of multivariate autoregressive models. ARfit includes routines for the estimation of parameters and confidence regions for multivariate autoregressive (AR) processes, diagnostic checking of fitted models, and spectral decomposition of AR models. The routines in the package include:

acf, plots the sample autocorrelation function of a univariate time series;

ar, performs order selection and least squares estimation of parameters in multivariate AR models;

arconf, computes confidence intervals for the estimates of the AR paramter matrices and the covariance matrix;

arfit, demonstrates the other modules in the package;

armod, computes the spectral decomposition of an AR process;

arord, computes the approximate order selection criteria for a sequence of AR models;

arres, performs diagnostic checking of the residuals of a fitted model; and

arsim, simulates AR processes.

The package is documented in a pair of journal papers available online in PostScript format.

[http://www.math.nyu.edu/~tapio/arfit/]
Argo/UML: A domain-oriented design environment CASE tool providing cognitive support for object-oriented design via the UML 1.1 specification. The features of this Java include:

representation of designs using a Java version of the UML 1.1 meta-model;

using of GEF for UML design editing;

flexible and extensible automatic code generation;

simple agents called design critics that continuously execute in a background thread of control, analyzing the design and suggesting possible improvements;

corrective automations that allow design improvements to be made faster and more reliably than by hand;

a ``to do'' list interface that presents action items in an organized form;

a user model that maintains information about the designer to make the tool more useful;

interactive checklists specifically designed for individual design elements;

a rich set of alternative tree-structured project views with a language allowing existing perspectives to be customized and new ones to be implemented;

multiple, overlapping views of the same element that allow the relationships among elements to be better understood;

representation of designs in graphical, textual and tabular form;

model-based graph layout to allow different techniques to be used for different components;

customizable user and process models; and

a navigational perspective editor for modifying and extending the numerous available navigational perspectives.

A source code distribution is freely available.
[http://argouml.tigris.org/]
Argus: A generic IP network transaction tool that can perform a number of network management tasks not currently (1/99) possible using commercial tools. Argus runs as an application level daemon and promiscuously reads network datagrams from a specified interface. It then generates network traffic status records for the network activity it encounters. The methods used to categorize the activity make this tool unique.
The tasks for which Argus has been used include:

verification that network security access control policies are actually being enforced;

detection of attempts to break through firewalls and host-based mechanisms;

performance of grade-of-service analysis for every IP-based network service offered in a network infrastructure;

discovery of changes in the behavior of network elements and external network partners;

identification and troubleshooting of difficult transient networking problems such as intermittent service failure, denial of service attacks and host and network configuration problems; and

performance of hypothetical analyses on network load and performance.

A source code distribution is available. It is written in C and has been successfully compiled on several systems including Linux Intel. It is documented in man pages as well as in a couple of technical reports.
[ftp://coast.cs.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/argus/]
[ftp://ftp.sei.cmu.edu/pub/argus/]
ARIBAS: An interactive interpreter for big integer arithmetic and multi-precision floating point arithmetic with a Pascal/Modula-like syntax. It has several built-in functions for algorithmic number theory, e.g. gcd, Jacobi symbol, Rabin probabilitistic prime test, Morrison-Brillhart continued fraction factorization, and Pollard rho factorization.

A source code version of ARIBAS is available for UNIX platforms. It is mostly written in C, although some of the critical routines are written in assembler for the Linux version so it will run especially fast under Linux Intel.
[http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~forster/sw/aribas.html]
Arithmos: A reliable integrated computational environment designed to bridge the gap between exact mathematical and computed results. Arithmos offers:

multiprecision floating-point arithmetic;

sharp interval arithmetic with multiprecision floating-point endpoints;

exactly rounded complex multiprecision floating-point arithmetic; and

exact rational arithmetic.

Future capabilities include rational interval arithmetic and complex arithmetic with rational real and imaginary parts. The functionality of Arithmos is available through both C++ class libraries and a GUI front-end created using the Qt library.
The multiprecision floating-point implementation is fully compliant with the principles of the IEEE standard and provides exactly rounded operations in all four rounding modes. The user can specify the base (between 2 and 2**24), the precision and exponent range of the floating-point representation. The rational class library of Arithmos is built on top of the GMP rational C library. It provides a C++ wrapper around it and extends it in a consistent mathematical way to deal with results of operations that cannot be represented as rationals or are mathematically undefined.
[http://win-www.uia.ac.be/u/cant/arithmos/]
Arjuna: An object-oriented programming system that provides a set of tools for the construction of fault-tolerant distributed applications. A prototype version written in C++ has been designed and implemented to run on a collection of UNIX workstations connected by a local area network. Arjuna provides nested atomic actions (nested atomic transactions) for structuring application programs. Atomic actions operate on objects, which are instances of abstract data types (C++ classes), by making use of remote procedure calls (RPCs).

The system has been ported to various platforms including HP workstations running HPUX; Sun 3, Sun 4, Sun Sparc and running SunOS 4 and 5 (Solaris); RS6000 machines running AIX; and Intel 486 PCs running Linux. The source code is available as well as a user's manual in PostScript and HTML formats.
[http://arjuna.ncl.ac.uk/]
Arla: A free client implementation of the Andrew File System (AFS). This is planned (6/98) to be a fully functional client with all the capabilities of the normal AFS, with management tools and a server in the longer range plans.

[http://www.stacken.kth.se/project/arla/]
AROS: The Amiga Research Operating System is a project to create an operating system that:

is as compatible as possible with AmigaOS 3.1;

can be ported to different types of CPUs;

is binary compatible on Amiga and source compatible on other hardware; and

can run as a standalone version booting directly from hard disk, as an emulation that opens a window in an existing OS to develop software and run Amiga and native applications at the same time, and as a link library allowing native applications to be created with the look and feel of AmigaOS.

This is being developed on the Linux platform with snapshots of binary releases available on a regular basis.
[http://www.aros.org/]
arp: See NetTools.
ARP: A protocol for the dynamic distribution of the information needed to build tables to translate an address in a given protocol's address space into a proper Ethernet address. Put simply, this is a method of converting IP addresses into Ethernet addresses. See Hall (2000).
[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc826.html]
[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1027.html]
ARPACK: A collection of Fortran 77 subroutines for solving large scale eigenvalue problems. This is designed to compute a few eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of a general NxN matrix, and is most appropriate for large sparse or structured matrices (where structured means that a matrix-vector product requires order N rather than the usual order N floating point operations). ARPACK is based on an algorithmic variant of the Arnoldi process called the implicitly started Arnoldi method (IRAM). This reduces to a variant of the Lanczos process called the implicitly restarted Lanczos method (IRLM) when the matrix is symmetric. Both variants can be viewed as a synthesis of the Arnoldi/Lanczos proess with the implicitly shifted QR (ISQR) technique which is suitable for large scale problems. This software is capable of solving problems from significant application areas and is designed to compute a few eigenvalues with user-specified features such as those of largest real part or largest magnitude. Numerically accurate eigenvectors are also available on request.

The features of ARPACK include:

a reverse communication interface;

single and double precision real arithmetic versions for symmetric, non-symmetric, standard or generalized problems;

single and double precision complex arithmetic versions for standard or generalized problems;

routines for standard or generalized problems with banded matrices;

routines for singular value decomposition (SVD); and

example driver routines which may be used as templates to implement numerous Shift-Invert strategies for all problem types, data types, and precisions.

Release 2.1 (3/97) of ARPACK includes as an extension the PARPACK library which extends the package for use on heterogeneous clusters of workstations using either BLACS or MPI. ARPACK/PARPACK is a component of the ScaLAPACK Project.

[ftp://ftp.caam.rice.edu/pub/software/ARPACK/]
[http://www.netlib.org/linalg/]
ARPACK++: An object-oriented version of ARPACK written in C++. ARPACK++ uses templates to reduce the work needed to establish and solve eigenvalue problems and to simplify the structure used to handle such problems. It also features an interface that avoids the complication of the reverse communication interface that characterizes the Fortran version, has the ability to easily find interior eigenvalues and to solve generalized problems, and a structure that minimizes the work needed to generate an interface between it and other libraries such as the TNT.

A source code distribution of ARPACK++ is available. It contains a make file specifically for G++ as well as those for other compilers. It is documented in a 200 page user's guide and reference manual available in PostScript format.
[http://www.caam.rice.edu/software/ARPACK/arpack++.html]
[http://www.ime.unicamp.br/~chico/arpack++/]
Arrow: A mail user agent designed for new Linux users who are used to the gee-gaws found on other, inferior operating systems. The features include:

use of standard mail format;

use of Pine's address book format;

rearranging messages via drag and drop;

decryption and encryption with PGP;

drag and drop text and addresses between messages; and

automatic saving of complete state when closing or when the X server crashes.

The source code is available as are binaries for Linux Intel platforms. This was developed with the JX toolkit.
[http://www.newplanetsoftware.com/arrow/]
ArsDigita: A collection of tools for bulding and maintaining community and commercial Web systems. An integrated collection called the ArsDigita Community System is available which contains modules for:

user registration;

grouping users by company or interest;

discussion;

classified ads;

news;

calendar announcements;

banner ad serving; and

ecommerce.

Several smaller separate tools are also available including:

Shoppe, a package for selling products using AOLserver, the Oracle RDBMS and the CyberCash gateway to credit card processors;

Quizze, for running a cheating-proof quiz;

Reporte, for producing daily, weekly and monthly server log reports from multiple Web services on the same machine;

Keepalive, for monitoring Web services and taking action to resolve problems found;

Cassandracle, a Web-based monitor for an Oracle database installation;

Watchdog, for monitoring the AOLserver error log at regular intervals and producing email notifications;

Uptime, monitors one or more Web sites for one or more people; and

Traffic Jamme, a Web load simulator.

[http://arsdigita.com/free-tools/summary.html]
ART: The Advanced Rendering Toolkit is a collection of Objective-C libraries that provide an wide range of functionality for graphical applications. These libraries do not deal with the user interface but rather provide classes and methods starting with primitive graphics objects like vectors, points and matrices up to classes for defining complete 3-D scenes and a number of different methods for manipulating and rendering those scenes. This has yet to be released and the page was last updated on 4/23/98.
[http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/rendering/ART/]
ARTA: A set of Fortran programs for working with AutoRegressive To Anything process, i.e. stationary time series with arbitrary marginal distributions and feasible autocorrelation structures specified via lag p. ARTA processes are designed to be used as input to computer simulations. The programs in the package include:

ARTAFACTS (ARTA Fitting Algorithm for Constructing Time Series) which fits ARTA processes for a given marginal distribution and up to five lag autocorrelations as well as estimates the autocorrelation function for an empirical time series; and

ARTAGEN (ARTA Generation algorithm), which generates a stationary ARTA process with given marginal distribution and up to five lag autocorrelations.

A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.iems.nwu.edu/~nelsonb/ARTA/]
artificial life: A research discipline that studies natural life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena from scratch within computers. The links are to the Zooland site which contains further information and various a-life software packages.

[http://alife.santafe.edu/~joke/zooland/]
[http://www.krl.caltech.edu/~brown/alife/zooland/]
[http://research.de.uu.net:8080/zooland/]
Artistic Style: An automatic indentation filter for C, C++ and Java source code files.
[http://bioinformatics.bio.disco.unimib.it/doc/astyle/astyle.html]
ASAX: The Advanced Security audit trail Analysis on UNIX package is a tool that uses sophisticated and powerful algorithms to simplify the intelligent analysis of very large sequential files for signs of security problems. The features of ASAX include:

translation of information in native file formats into NADF (Normalized Audit Data Format) file for more efficient analysis;

a language called RUSSELL (RUle-baSed Sequence Evaluation Language) tailored to the problem of searching arbitrary patterns of records in sequential files;

administration from a central monitoring platform;

local analyses of audit trails associated with a single host;

global analyses for detecting patterns related to network security status over an entire network of machines;

a distributed evaluator that can survive the failure of one or more of its slave evaluators; and

logging control wherein the granularity of security events can be adjusted for different tasks.

A source code distribution of ASAX is available. It is written in C and can be compiled and used on many UNIX flavors. The documentation consists of man pages along with several technical reports describing the system and its components.
[ftp://coast.cs.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/asax/]
[http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~cri/DOCS/asax.html]
ASCEND: A large-scale, object-oriented mathematical modeling environment and strongly typed mathematical modeling language. ASCEND was primarily developed for use by chemical engineers, although the package is domain independent and can be used in all appropriate areas of science and engineering. It was designed to reduce the time needed for creating, debugging, and solving mathematical models by orders of magnitude in comparison with languages like C++ and Fortran.

ASCEND includes a wide range of support tools for modeling, debugging, and solving systems with upwards of tens of thousands of nonlinear algebraic or differential equations including:

a library of equilibrium-based unit operations for chemical engineering;

a user-centered structured methodology for reaching correct problem specifications;

automatic analysis of degrees of freedom;

automatic initialization of variables;

a choice of automatic scaling methods for nonlinear equations; and

an object-oriented modeling language.

The modeling language includes such features as model construction by object and value passing, a preprocessor that diagnoses errors and symptoms of poor object-oriented programming style, a SELECT statement for choosing among alternative constructions at instantiation time, and a SWITCH statement for managing the flow of control. Solver features include: the selection of equations and models based on logical, integer, symbolic configuration variables, and the fast automatic analysis of model hierarchies to obtain optimum ordering for fast linear factorization.

A source code version of ASCEND is available for UNIX platforms. It can be built on several UNIX flavors including Linux and additionally requires Tcl/Tk version 8.0p2. It is documented in a 235 page manual available in PDF format.
[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ascend/]
ASCII: The American Standard Code for Information Exchange is a method for encoding characters in computer binary format. See the first given URL for a fascinating history thereof.
[http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/index.html]
[http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rwb197/ascii/]
ASCL: The Astrophyics Source Code Library is a collection of Fortran codes for solving various problems in astrophysics. The offerings include:

DUSTY, a code for solving the astrophysical problem of radiation transport in a dusty environment;

XSTAR, for calculating the physical conditions and emission spectra of photoionized gases;

[http://ascl.net/]
asdlGen: A tool that takes ASDL descriptions and produces implementations of them in several popular programming languages. The Abstract Syntax Description Language (ASDL) is a language designed to describe the tree-like data structures in compilers. The main goal of ADSL is to provide a method for compiler components written in different languages to interoperate, e.g. it makes it easier for applications written in different languages to communicate complex recursive data structures. The functionality of asdlGen and ASDL includes:

concise descriptions of important data structures;

automatic generation of data structure implementations for C, C++, Java, Standard ML and Haskell;

automatic generation of functions to read and write the data structures to disk in a machine- and language-independent way.

A source code distribution of asdlGen is available as are binaries for various platforms including Linux Intel. It is written in Standard ML and thus requires that package for compilation. Documentation includes a reference manual and some technical papers, all available in PostScript format.
[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/zephyr/ASDL/]
ASGL: A graphics program for producing PostScript output such as scatter plots, line plots, histograms, 2-D density plots, and bond-and-stick plots of molecules. A source code file is created which is interpreted by a program called TOP which calls appropriate Fortran subroutines to create a PostScript output file. This is written in Fortran 77 to compile on most UNIX systems. A user's manual is available in PostScript format.

[http://guitar.rockefeller.edu/asgl/asgl.html]
ASHE: See XHTML.
asl: A UNIX/C version of a cross assembler for a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The capabilities include macros, conditional assembly, extensive listings, local symbol domains, and include files. It supports nearly 50 different target processors from 4-bit microcontrollers to the PowerPC. A manual is available in TeX format.
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/assemblers/]
[ftp://zam091.zam.kfa-juelich.de/pub/msdos/assembler/]
Aslan: A low-level implementation of the Abstract State Machines (ASMs) approach that focuses on an ASM machine that can be used as the basis for higher-level ASM implementations. It is designed for efficient and extensible support for writing formalization programs in ASMs. Aslan defines a notion of modules for structuring formalizations without losing the formal basis provided by ASMs based on a core language implementing the pure ASM semantics. Hierarchical ASMs are supported, i.e. an external function of an ASM can be expressed via other ASMs to introduced a hierarchy. This mechanisms also makes recursive calls of ASMs possible. Programs are directly translated into C code which can be compiled and bound to the generic GUI provided by the support environment. This can be used to debug and animate the execution of the specified ASM. Binary versions are available for Linux Intel and some other platforms. This has been absorbed into the GemMex package.
[http://www.first.gmd.de/~ma/]
ASM Workbench: The Abstract State Machine Workbench is a tool environment for supporting the design and validation of Abstract State Machines (ASMs). This is based on a specification language called ASM-SL which includes the language of tyuped ASMs and additional constructs for defining the underlying data model with the help of generic data types. The features of ASM Workbench include:

type checking including type inference;

rapid prototyping via an interpreter for simulating ASM-SL specifications and a GUI for controlling the simulation flow;

efficient simulation of ASM runs via a code generator from ASM-SL to Java Virtual Machine (JVM);

static analysis of ASM specifications via control- and data-flow analysis as well as generation of proof obligations; and

an interface component based on the ASM Interchange Format that will allow the Workbench to be adapted and extended by others.

A binary distribution of this package is available for Linux Intel platforms.
[http://www.uni-paderborn.de/cs/asm/ASMToolPage/asm-workbench.html]
ASMIX: A set of Linux command-line utilities written in assembly language. Unlike the similar asmutils, these don't require NASM since they are written in AT&T/GNU Assembler language. It is also planned to include more functionality.
[http://www.lionking.org/~cubbi/serious/asmix.html]
asmutils: A set of Linux utilities written in assembly language intended for small Linux distributions such as rescue disks or embedded systems. It contains extremely small and fast replacements for several commonly used UNIX utilities, none of which require libc and most of which need on a few kilobytes of RAM. The 50+ utilities in release 0.06 (2/00) include arch, cat, chroot, deallocvt, dmesg, echo, factor, grep, hostname, httpd, kill, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mount, ps, reboot, rmdir, sleep, softdog, swapoff, swapon, snc, umount, update and wc. The distribution includes the source and compiled binaries for 2.0 and 2.2 kernels, with compilation requiring the use of NASM 0.98 or higher.
[http://linuxassembly.org/]
ASN.1: The Abstract Syntax Notation 1 is a formal language for abstractly describing data exchanged between computer systems which is very much like a type declaration in C or C++. It frees protocol designers to describe the layout of messages exchanged between application programs running in different hardware and software environments. It is called abstract because it describes the details of the messages in a more abstract level than bits and bytes. Encoding rules are described which are used to transform data specified in the ASN.1 language into a standard format which can be decoded by any system with a decoder based on the same set of rules. Related software packages include:

ELROS, an embedded language for remote operations that produces code to encode/decode ASN.1;

ISODE, an environment for developing OSI protocols and applications;

OSIkit, a collection of tools for the application of Estelle and ASN.1;

OSIMIS, an object-oriented platform based on the OSI model; and

Snacc, an ASN.1 to C or C++ compiler.

[http://www-sop.inria.fr/rodeo/personnel/hoschka/asn1.html]
[http://www.techapps.co.uk/asn1gloss.html]
ASP: Active Server Pages are used to embed scripts within HTML pages to create dynamic and interactive Web site content. ASP can process both VBScript and JScript commands, and any browser can work with ASP and its dynamic output regardless of its support for VBScript and JScript. All scripting code runs on the server with the browser receiving only the resulting HTML. Files with ASP commands usually have the suffix .asp. Related software includes asp2php.
[http://www.aspdeveloper.net/]
[http://www.activeserverpages.com/]
[http://www.developer.com/directories/]

asp2php

A program that converts Web ASP files that require the Microshaft IIS Web server into PHP pages that will run under Apache. This also has MySQL database support. Binary distributions are freely available.
[http://asp2php.naken.cc/]
ASpecT: A strict functional language developed at the University of Bremen in Germany. It was originally intended to provide an implementation for a subset of algebraic specifications of abstract datatypes and included several user-friendly features like overloading facilities and a source-level debugger. It also uses call-by-value evaluation and reference counting memory management for efficiency. Other features include subsorting, functionals, and restricted polymorphism. The compiler translates the functional source code into C which can be compiled with the native C compiler to yield fast and efficient executables.

The ASpecT system is available in binary format for several platforms including Linux Intel, Mac, NeXT, OS/2, Sun Solaris and SunOS, and VAX. Documentation is included in the distributions. The interactive graph visualization system daVinci is written in ASpecT.
[ftp://ftp.Uni-Bremen.DE/pub/ZKW/INFORM/ASpecT/]
aspell: A spell checker designed to do a better job than ispell at suggesting possible replacement words. This is designed to be a drop-in replacement for ispell in programs that use the latter. It is also a C++ library. A source code distribution is available.
[http://aspell.sourceforge.net/]
ASPy: A server-side HTML embedded scripting language written in Java and Python that can be used for generating dynamic Web pages and for prototyping Web applications. ASPy is similar to SSI, XSSI and PHP in providing integrated scripting embedded in HTML. The scripting language used is JPython, an object-oriented language with high-level datatypes that make it ideal for accessing existing Python modules and libraries, Java Beans and Java libraries and frameworks. A source code distribution is available.
[http://archive.dstc.edu.au/aspy/]
ASR: The Automatic Speech Recognition system is a large vocabulary conversational speech recognizer (LVCSR) that uses techniques from statistical pattern recognition, digital signal processing, AI, linguistics and information theory. The features of ASR include:

acoustic feature extraction of mel-frequency cepstra and their temporal derivatives based on FFT and LP analysis;

Viterbi training of continuous density Hidden Markov Models (HMM) with single Gaussian or mixture distributions for context-independent and -dependent acoustic models;

efficient single-pass decoding using a hierarchical variation of Viterbi search;

context-dependent (triphones) as well as context-independent (monophones, syllables, etc.) acoustic models;

cross-word triphones as well as word-internal models;

N-best decoding and generation of word graphs using n-gram language models; and

rescoring of word graph generated with an n-gram language model.

Documentation includes a user's guide and a tutorial giving a step-by-step introduction on how to build, train and evaluate a speech recognition application using this package.
[http://www.isip.msstate.edu/projects/speech/software/asr/]
assembly programming: Tools and information are available for assembly programming on most of the hardware platforms on which Linux can be installed.
Related projects and packages include:

ASMIX, a set of Linux utilities written in assembly langauge;

asmutils, a set of Linux utilities written in assembly language;

A2I, translates assembly files in GNU Assembler (GAS) syntax into NASM syntax;

BIEW, a multiplatform portable viewer of binary files with a built-in editor for binary, hexadecimal and disassembler modes;

binutils, a collection of GNU development tools including compilers, assemblers, linkers and debuggers;

ELFkickers, a collection of programs for working with the ELF binary format;

GASM, a freeware assembler for the x86 platform;

GCJ, a GCC front-end that can create assembly code from Java class files;

Intel2GAS, converts assembler source written for NASM into GNU Assembler (GAS);

NASM, a portable assembler for the Intel x86 microprocessor series;

New Jersey Machine-Code Toolkit, a package for writing applications that process machine code, e.g. assemblers, etc.; and

SPIM, a software simular that runs assembly language programs for the MIPS R2000/R3000 processors.

[http://linuxassembly.org/]
[http://home.snafu.de/phpr/index-lx.html]
[http://asmjournal.freeservers.com/]
[http://webster.cs.ucr.edu/Page_asm/ArtOfAsm.html]
Asterisk: An open source Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and general telephony toolkit for Linux. The PBX features supported are:

extension routing logic;

functional voicemail including email notification;

calling bridging, transfer and parking;

intercom (with sound card);

directories;

execution of arbitrary commands; and

simple configuration with text files.

Additional features beyond standard PBX include:

an extensible channel API for adding new technologies;

an application API for writing custom PBX applications;

a file format API supporting arbitrary file formats with arbitrary framing;

a threaded architecture with per-thread scheduling and I/O management;

a codec translation API;

a frame management API;

a dynamic module loader;

a simple logging API; and

a graphical console (GTK and KDE.

[http://www.asteriskpbx.com/]
astkit: The Advanced Software Technology Kit is a set of executables and libraries provided as part of the software accompanying Krishnamurthy (1995). The astkit has three purposes: (1) to present a subset of the POSIX/ANSI standard headers and interfaces on non-compliant systems; (2) to provide a portable base of routines that implement concepts common to all UNIX variants; and (3) to provide a forum for modern implementations of features present (or lacking) in the standard C libraries.

The major components of astkit include:

ksh93, a version of the KornShell shell programming language described in Bolsky and Korn (1995) which is upward compatible with sh and provides an enhanced programming environment in addition to the major features of the BSD shell csh;

nmake, a modern variant of the traditional make which maintains state that records information for future runs, i.e. it records such things as file modification times, explicit and implicit prerequisites, action test, variable values, and target attributes;

coshell, which executes shell blocks on lightly loaded hosts in a local network via a server that runs as a daemon on the user's home host;

cql, a C query language which applies C-style expressions to flat database files;

pax, a POSIX 1003.2 conformat replacement for tar and cpio that handles most UNIX archive and tape formats;

3d, a program that allows entry into nDFS, a multiple dimension file system implemented as a shared library which intercepts pathname systems calls and provides a logical namespace on top of the underlying physical file system (and works with ksh93);

tw, a combination of find and xargs that applies C-style expressions on that stat structure of each file in a direcotry hierarchy;

proto, which converts ANSI C prototype constructs to constructs compatible with K&R, ANSI C, and C++; and

sort, a faster version of the traditional sort which is a distribution sort with preconditioning of difficult keys to make them into simple strings.

Other programs in the distribution include:

bax, which generates backup tapes using tw and pax;

cpp, a standalone preprocessor which is primarily intended for C but also supports other languages;

iffe, a command interpreter that probes the C compilation environment for features, i.e. any file, option or symbol that controls or is controlled by the compiler;

mm2html, which converts mm/man input to HTML;

html2rtf, which converts HTML input to RTF;

troff2html, which converts troff intput to HTML;

ss, which lists the system status for hosts on the local network; and

probe, which maintains tool specific information for language processors and performs consistency and security checks to ensure that the tool specific command generates valid information.

Over 30 additional programs and libraries are included.
Binary distributions of astkit are available for Sun SunOS and Solaris, SGI IRIX, HP-UX, Linux Intel, and BSD Intel platforms. Documentation includes the usual set of man pages and, of course, the book previously mentioned.
[http://portal.research.bell-labs.com/orgs/ssr/book/reuse/]
astronomical software: A more specific list of software for use by the astronomy community. In addition to the software there is also a mailing list for those interested in porting software packages for reducing astronomical data to Linux.
Available packages related to astronomy include:

AIPS, a system for the calibration, analysis and display of radio astronomy images;

AIPS++, a C++ version (evolved) of AIPS;

ANA, a data processing package and language;

Cloudy, for simulating emission line regions caused by the ionization of dilute gases;

eclipse, a set of image processing utilities for astronomical data reduction;

ESO-MIDAS, general tools for image processing and data reduction with an emphasis on astronomy;

eXsas, for the spatial, spectral and timing analysis of X-ray astronomy data;

FIGARO, a general data reduction package aimed specifically towards optical and infrared data;

FITS, the generic data storage format of the astronomy community;

FTOOLS, a collection of utility programs to view and manipulate FITS data files;

GILDAS, a collection of applications oriented towards radio astronomy;

GIPSY, an interactive system for the reduction and display of astronomical data;

IRAF, a general purpose system for the reduction and analysis of astronomical data;

MIRIAD, a toolbox for the calibration, mapping, deconvolution and image analysis of interferometric data;

NEMO, an extensible stellar dynamics toolbox for analysis and visualization;

PROS, a multi-mission X-ray analysis software system;

SAOimage, a program for displaying astronomical;

SAORD, a collection of software including an updated version of SAOimage;

Skycat, a tool for image visualization and accessing astronomy data catalogs;

STARLINK, a comprehensive library of astronomical software;

STSDAS, a system for reducing and analyzing data from the Hubble space telescope;

WCSTools, a package of programs and libraries for taking advantage of world coordinate system information in astronomical image files and catalogs;

XANADU, a system for the analysis and reduction of data in X-ray astronomy;

Xephem, an interactive astronomical ephemeris program;

xsky, an interactive sky atlas;

[http://bima.astro.umd.edu/nemo/linuxastro/]
ASURV: A package containing source code and documentation for Astronomy SURVival analysis. This implements a suite of statistical methods for the analysis of censored data; i.e. data which are known to lie above or below some limit. It was written specifically to treat left-censoring arising in observational astronomy when objects are observed but sometimes not detected due to sensitivity limits. However, the methods can be useful to researchers in other disciplines, as the code includes techniques that are often omitted from commercial survival analysis packages.

The computational capabilities of ASURV include:

the maximum-likelihood Kaplan-Meier estimator;

several univariate two-sample tests (Gehan, Peto-Peto, Peto-Prentice);

three bivariate correlation coefficients (Cox regression, generalized Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho); and

three linear regressions (EM algorithm assuming normal residuals, Buckley-James line, Schmitt line).

The program is stand-alone and does not call any specialized library.
The package includes the source code which is written in Fortran and a 40+ page manual in LaTeX format. The manual contains the gory details about the algorithms mentioned above as well as instructions on how to use them. See LaValley et al. (1990), Feigelson and Nelson (1985), and Isobe et al. (1986).
[http://www.astro.psu.edu/statcodes/asurv]
asWedit: A comprehensive and easy-to-use HTML3, HTML2, and text editor for the X Window System with Motif. It offers a standard text editing mode and two context-sensitive, validating modes for authoring HTML documents. It has a graphical user interface with multiple editing windows and all standard editing features besides the HTML-specific features. There are currently (5/96) versions for nine languages.

The HTML features include:

context-sensitive modes in which only tags valid in the current context are available,

full support for all HTML 2 and 3 tags,

support in HTML 2x and 3x extended modes for such elements a new tables, client-side image maps, etc.,

support for Netscape extensions such as frames,

creation of correct documents from editor input,

support for different editing styles (e.g. assistive tagging, cut and paste, by hand and parse),

dialogs for selecting relative and absolute URLs,

customizable colors for different HTML tags,

text to table or list converters,

a table of contents generator,

ready to use examples and spell checking,

user definable key bindings,

comprehensive and context-sensitive hypertext help, and

a preview mode.

AsWedit is available free for use in non-profit institutions. It is available in binary form for IBM RS/6000, DEC Alpha, HP9000 700/800, SGI, SunOS, Ultrix, SCO, and Linux platforms.
[ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/www/asWedit/index.html]
[ftp://ftp.ruf.uni-freiburg.de/pub/info/asWedit/]
Atari800: An emulator for the Atari 800, 800XL, 130XE, and 5200 game machines. The features include: versions for X11, SVGALIB, Amiga, MS-DOS, curses, and dumb terminals; a GUI interface for Xview, Motif, and Amiga versions; a menu system for all versions that support bitmapped graphics; handling standard 8K and 16K as well as OSS super cartridges; display list interrupts; a PIL mode; GTIA graphics support for all display modules; horizontal and vertical fine scrolling; replacement of cassette device with host device to give access to host file system; reading XFD and ATR disk image formats; sound emulation; and printer support.

[http://www.signus.demon.co.uk/Software/Portable/Atari800e/]
AtDot: A free Web-based email system that uses your existing POP3 mail account to receive mail. The features include attachment handling, folders, and more.
[http://www.atdot.org/]
[http://www.nodomainname.net/software/atdot/]
aterm: A color VT102 terminal emulator based on rxvt plus the addition of fast transparency. It is intended as an xterm replacement for those who don't require such features as Tektronix 4014 emulation and toolkit-style configurability. It uses much less swap space than xterm as a result of these absent features. Source code and RPM distributions are available.
[http://aterm.sourceforge.net/]
ATF Tools: The Automated Telescope Facility Tools is a collection of tools written for use at the Automated Telescope Facility at the University of Iowa. The programs are mostly utilities to analyze and manipulate FITS image files although there are also programs for differential and absolute photometry and astrometry.

The programs in ATF Tools include:

FITShdr, which displays and edits headers in FITS format files;

WCS, which displays, adds, and edits World Coordinate System (WCS) keywords in FITS headers;

Crop, which aligns and crops FITS images using either a specified bounding box or a common area;

F Compress, which compresses FITS files using the H algorithm;

F Decompress, which decompresses files compressed using F Compress;

Photom, a differential photometry package;

Fphotom, for field aperture photometry of images;

Photcal, which solves for air mass and instrumental constants using standard field images;

Predict, which predicts times of minima using an input ephemeris table;

SNSearch, which searches for new stars by comparing archive images; and

Vsmon, which performs automated variable star monitoring using differential photometry.

The source code for ATF Tools is available. It is written in ANSI C and can be compiled and used on a wide variety of UNIX and non-UNIX platforms. It is also available in binary format for Linux platforms. The programs are documented in man pages.
[http://denali.physics.uiowa.edu/ATF/atfcdrom.shtml]
Athena Widget Set: See Xaw.
ATLAST: The Autodesk Threaded Application System Toolkit is a Forth-like language kernel designed to be embedded into applications to make them extensible to a much greater degree than normal macro languages. ATLAST is based on Forth-83 but has been extended and modified to produce a better toolkit for open, programmable applications. It is implemented in a single file written in portable C and includes native support for floating point, C-like strings, UNIX-compatible file access, and a wide variety of facilities for embedding within applications. Extensive stack and heap pointer checking is available to aid in debugging. A source code distribution is available which is documented in a user's guide in several formats.
[http://www.fourmilab.ch/atlast/]
ATM: This is a project to provide Asynchronous Transfer Mode support for Linux. An experimental release supports raw ATM connections and basic IP over ATM along with preliminary signaling. See the site for explanations of the alphabet soup in the previous sentence. See McDysan and Sophn (1994), Schatt (1996), and Taylor (1995).
Related software packages include:

APRoPS

ATM Network Simulator

kStack

[http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/linux-atm/info.html]
ATM Network Simulator: An ATM network simulator developed to provide a means for analyzing the behavior of ATM and HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) networks without the expense of building a real network. This is an interactive modeling environment with a graphical user interface that can be used to create different network topologies, control component parameters, measure network activity, and log data from simulations. A source code distribution is available which can be compiled and used on most UNIX flavors. This is documented in a user's manual available in PDF format.
[http://w3.antd.nist.gov/Hsntg/prd_atm-sim.html]
AtmosThermoPack: A package of Fortran subroutines for the analysis and calculation of various thermodynamic quantities in the atmosphere.

There are routines for calculating the: thermal conductivity of air, specific heat of ice, specific heat of moist air at constant pressure, specific heat of water, temperature derivative of saturation vapor pressure over water, temperature derivation of saturation vapor pressure over ice, entropy referred to the triple point and 1013 mb, enthalpy, dry static energy, moist static energy, water vapor pressure, saturation vapor pressure over water, saturation vapor pressure over ice, latent heats of water from empirical fits, altitudes or pressure from the dry hydrostatic equation, saturation mixing ratio, atmospheric density of moist air, relative humidity, mixing ratio, specific humidity, dew-point temperature, frost-point temperature, lifting condensation level temperature, moist adiabatic lapse rate, virtual temperature, virtual temperature including water content loading, dry potential temperature, moist potential temperature, virtual potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature, temperature at a desired pressure level, temperature from equivalent potential temperature, temperature from virtual potential temperature with liquid condensed phase, dynamic viscosity of air, and kinematic viscosity of air.

A source code distribution of AtmosThermPack is available. It is written in Fortran 77 and is documented via comment statements contained within the source code file.
[ftp://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/wiscombe/Atmos_Thermody/]
Acorn Atom Emulator: An emulator for the Acorn Atom computer.
[http://home.wxs.nl/~faase009/Ha_Atom.html]
A2I: A utility that converts assembly source files in AT&T/GNU Assembly (GAS) form into NASM format.
[http://www.multimania.com/placr/a2i.html]
a2ps: An ASCII to PostScript converter with extended pretty-printing capabilities. The default format used is two pages on each physical page, borders surrounding pages, headers with useful information (e.g. page number, printing date, file name), line numbering, pretty-printing, symbol substitution, etc. Style sheets are included for a wide range of languages which guide how the text is to be printed and are extensible by the user, with automatic style selection via another modifiable file. It is possible to delegate the processing of some files to other filters or programs via a configurable script, e.g. using TeX or groff to process a file containing source code in either markup language. Currently (10/97) available are DVI, compression, HTML, PostScript, Roff, and Texinfo filters.

A source code distribution of a2ps is available. It is written in C and can be compiled and used on most UNIX flavors. A user's manual is included in the distribution. Some ancillary packages are also available including: a2print, a graphical interface to a2ps; nh2ps, a Korean version of a2ps; a2ps-greek, a Greek version of a2ps; and Okonkify, a program that extends fonts designed for Latin 1 so they support other Latin encodings.
[http://www-inf.enst.fr/~demaille/a2ps/]
AUC TeX: See under Emacs.
Audio File Library: An implementation of the SGI Audio File Library that provides an API for accessing several audio file formats including AIFF/AIFF-C, WAVE and NeXT/Sun .snd/.au. Supported compression formats are G.711 mu-law and A-law.
[http://www.68k.org/~michael/audiofile/]
[http://oss.sgi.com./projects/audiofile/]
AudioFile: A network-transparent audio server and client library. AudioFile is also device-independent and allows multiple audio applications to be run simultaneously, sharing access to the actual audio hardware. The network transparency means that application programs can run on machines scattered through a network, and the device independence means that applications don't have to be rewritten to work with new audio hardware. An analogy would be that it does for sound what X11 does for text and graphics. The AF distribution includes device drivers for several devices, server code for a number of platforms, a programming API and library, out of the box core applications, and several contributed applications.

A source code distribution is available at the original DEC site, although porting it to Linux may be more than trivial. A binary distribution for Linux Intel can be found at the MIT site. Documentation is scattered throughout the distribution.
[http://www.tns.lcs.mit.edu/vs/audiofile.html]
[http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/AF/]
[ftp://ftp.tns.lcs.mit.edu/pub/AF/]
AUIS: The Andrew User Interface System, sometimes called just ``Andrew,'' is a compound document environment offering a word processor, a mail/bulletin board reader/writer, a drawing editor, a spreadsheet, a font editor, an application builder, and other facilities. It is available separately or wholly in the files of the form auis*-+.tgz where the + indicates one of the following: wp - the basic word processor; src - the source code for developers; mail - the MIME-compatible mail interface; or full - all of the above.

The basic application in the word processing package is the ez editor which can be used to edit text and graphics and can also serve as a word processor. It loads a document, displays it in a window and automatically displays to appropriate editing commands, i.e. a text document will cause it to show text-editing commands and a picture picture-editing commands. It is not quite WYSIWYG but rather shows the text and pictures in a form that varies with screen size and with slightly different fonts. Additional features include automatic checkpointing, multiple windows, document output in PostScript and RTF formats, many choices for text formatting styles as well as the capability to easily create your own, an extensive set of document templates, and tools to facilitate the editing of source code in many languages.
The basic mail reading tool is called messages, which can serve as a conventional mail user agent as well as support reading and posting to bulletin boards and delivery between cells in the Andrew File System (AFS). This offers a GUI for sending, reading, editing and printing mail. Messages is compatible with present ASCII mail delivery systems and also fully supports MIME extensions. Other tools in AUIS include bush, a graphical interface to the file system; chart, which allows you to create simple graphs some numerical data; figure, a drawing editor; raster, an editor for digitized pictures; typescript, an alternative to xterm; prefed, a specialized preferences editor; and much more.
The documentation is written in an internal format and over 800 KB worth can be perused using the Andrew tools. You can also obtain a hard copy from the developers for around $30. For introductory purposes you can obtain PostScript versions of four articles that ran in the Linux Journal from Aug. to Nov. 1994. The source code is available as well as binary distributions for Linux, HP, Sun, Dec Ultrix and IBM RS6000 platforms. The compressed binary distributions are around 10 Mb compressed and 40 Mb uncompressed.
[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/atk-ftp/web/andrew-home.html]
A'UM: An implementation of the A'UM concurrent object-oriented programming language, a descendant of the KL1 language (implemented in KLIC). The language features include objects which all run concurrently, stream communication in which objects intercommunicate via directed paths (i.e. streams) with operations on streams providing all the necessary communications, fine grain parallelism, and intricate synchronization. The system provides a environment for concurrent execution of A'UM programs on UNIX platforms, a foreign language interface which enables programs written in other languages to be combined with A'UM programs, and a debugger furnished with breakpoints, stepping and tracing execution, and several other functions.
A source code distribution of A'UM is available. It is written in C and can be compiled on most generic UNIX platforms (with GCC 1.37 or greater recommended). Various manuals are available although all are written in Japanese.
[ftp://ftp.icot.or.jp/ifs/symbolic-proc/unix/]
Aureal: A package of Linux drivers for Aureal's Vortex PCI sound chip products. The features include:

support for all cards based on the Vortex1 (Au8820), Vortex2 (Au8830) and Vortex Advantage (Au8810) chip sets, e.g. the Turtle Beach Montego A3D and A3D II cards and the Diamond Multimedia Monster Sound (original, M80, MX200 and MX300) and Sonic Impact S90 cards;

support for Linux Intel x86 systems with kernel versions 2.2.5 or later;

the hardware synthesis device /dev/sequencer is unsupported;

support for legacy joysticks at port 0x201 as well as for the standard Linux joystick driver;

planned support for SPDIF, EQ, tone control and quad output; and

planned support for A3D in the core chipset drivers (in addition to a planned port of the A3D 3.0 audio engine to Linux).

The current distribution contains source and object files, with access to the Vortex hardware provided by the latter and to the Linux kernel by the former. A full source distribution including chip documentation is in the works.
[http://linux.aureal.com/]
AUTO: A package for working with continuation and bifurcation problems in ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The capabilities include a limited bifurcation analysis of algebraic systems and of systems of ODEs as well as some stationary solution and wave calculations for PDEs. More specifically, for algebraic systems it can compute solution branches, locate branch points and automatically compute bifurcating branches, and locate Hopf bifurcation points and continue these in two parameters. The ODE capabilities include:

computing branches of stable and unstable periodic solutions and computing the Floquet multipliers that determine stability along these branches;

locating folds, branch points, period doubling bifurcations, and bifurcations to tori along branches of periodic solutions;

continuing folds and period-doubling bifurcations in two parameters;

performing all of the above for rotations, i.e. when some solution components are periodic;

following curves of homoclinic orbits and detecting and detecting and continuing various codimension-2 bifurcations;

locating extrema of an integral objective functional along a branch of periodic solutions and successively continuing such extrema in more parameters; and

computing curves of solutions subject to general nonlinear boundary and integral conditions.

The PDE capabilities include:

tracing out branches of spatially homogeneous solutions;

tracing out branches of periodic wave solutions that emanate from a Hopf bifurcation;

tracing out branches of waves of fixed length in two parameters;

performing time evolution calculations given periodic initial data; and

performing time evolution calculations subject to user-specified boundary conditions.

A source code distribution of AUTO is available. It is written in Fortran and has been successfully compiled and used on Linux Intel platforms using g77. A 150+ page user's manual is available in PostScript format.
[http://indy.cs.concordia.ca/auto/]
Autobuse: A Perl daemon that identifies probes and other problems in logfiles and automatically reports them via email. A source code distribution is available.
[http://www.picante.com/~gtaylor/autobuse/]
AutoClass C: AutoClass is an unsupervised Bayesian classification system which seeks a maximum posterior probability classification. The key features include:

automatic determination of the number of classes,

use of mixed discrete and real valued data, capability of handling missing values,

processing time varying roughly linearly with the amount of data,

cases which have probabilistic class membership,

correlation between attributes in a class,

generation of reports describing the classes found, and

prediction of test case class memberships from a training classification.

A database of attribute vectors (i.e. cases) is input along with a class model. AutoClass finds the set of classes which is maximally probable with respect to the data and model and outputs a set of class descriptions along with partial membership of the cases in the classes.

AutoClass C is an implementation of the AutoClass algorithm written in ANSI C which is about 10 to 20 times faster than the original Lisp implementations. It has been ported to and test on Sun Solaris and SunOS, SGI IRIX, Intel Linux, and HP-UX platforms. The algorithm and package are documented in several manuals and technical reports available in PostScript format. See also Snob.
[http://ic-www.arc.nasa.gov/ic/projects/bayes-group/group/autoclass/autoclass-c-program.html]
autoconf: A utility created for the GNU project to create configuration scripts for software packages. A file containing variables that are aliases for various testing sequences is created to check for, e.g. the compiler, libraries, and other software needed to compile a specific program. This is processed to create a file called configure which contains the actual commands to perform the tests which, in turn, creates the makefiles needed to compile the program. A large variety of built-in variables for various test sequences is available and the user can create custom-built variables and sequences as needs be via a standard procedure.
The source code, written in ANSI C, is available for autoconfig as it is for all GNU packages, and is readily configured and compiled via the supplied configure script. Keep in mind that autoconfig creates the configure files so it isn't needed for a package that comes with a configure file. Most of the time autoconfig is used by the author of a software package to create a configure file that can be used to install the software on the widest possible range of platforms. As such it is seldom needed or used by those who only compile and use software built by others. The documentation for autoconfig is contained within a Texinfo file whose printed version runs to 100+ pages.
[http://sourceware.cygnus.com/autoconf/]
[http://www.amath.washington.edu/~lf/tutorials/autoconf/]
[http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~ezk/research/amu/]
[http://www.airs.com/ian/configure/]
autodep: A program that automates the generation of Makefiles for C/C++ compilation and linking processes. Makefiles are created by using a rule file called ad.rule along with several other specified text files. This looks for all the include files used by a program so it can produce correct dependencies and rules in the Makefile. This works with or without the Autoconf script. A source code distribution is available which requires Perl 5 or greater.
[http://www-scf.usc.edu/~lerdsuwa/util/autodep.html]
AutoGen: A tool for simplifying the creation and maintenance of programs that contain large amounts of repititious text. This is especially valuable in programs that have several blocks of text that must be kept synchronized. An example of a use for this is the creation and maintenance of the code required to process program options, which requires multiple constructs to be maintained in parallel in different places in a program. A package called AutoOpts is included in the distribution to deal with option maintenance. Its features include:

processing initialization/rc files;

processing environment variable initializations;

processing command-line options;

storing the option state into a file;

verifying that the required options are present the required minimum number of times on the command line;

verifying that conflicting options don't appear together;

verifying that options that reqire other options are used with those other options;

providing a callable routine to parse a line of text; and

producing a #define for a program.

A source code distribution is available which includes an extensive user's and reference manual.
[http://autogen.freeservers.com/]
Automake: A Makefile generator for automatically creating files called Makefile.in from files called Makefile.am, with the former intended to be used by the autoconf package. The latter files consist of a series of make macro definitions along with the occasional rule, and the former are compliant with the GNU Makefile standards. The goal of Automake is to remove the burden of Makefile maintenance from individual GNU maintainers and put it on the maintainer of Automake.
A source code distribution of Automake is available. It is written in and thus requires Perl. It is documented in a user's guide available in Texinfo format.
[http://sourceware.cygnus.com/automake/]
[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/~langston/am-f77_toc.html]
[http://www.amath.washington.edu/~lf/tutorials/autoconf/]
[http://www.cyclic.com/cyclic-pages/autoconf.html]
[http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~ezk/research/amu/]
automatic differentiation: Related packages include:

ADIFOR

ADOL-C

FADBAD-TADIFF

TAMC

[http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/]
Autopilot: A flexible infrastructure for real-time adaptive control of parallel and distributed computing resources. The objective of this part of the Pablo project is to integrate dynamic performance instrumentation and on-the-fly performance data reduction with configurable, malleable resource management algorithms along with a real-time adaptive control mechanism that automatically chooses and configures resource management algorithms based on application request patterns and observed system performance.
The components of the Autopilot library include:

distributed performance sensors that capture quantitative application and system performance data and compute performance metrics;

software actuators that enable and configure resource management policies;

decision procedures for selecting resource management policies and enabling actuators based on observed application resource requests and the system responses captured by performance sensors;

desktop and immersive, real-time performance visualization to provide insight into the interaction of application demands and resource management algorithm response.

The Autopilot toolkit is distributed as three individual components:

Autopilot, which implements the core features of the system;

Fuzzy Library, for building the classes supporting the fuzzy logic decision procedure infrastructure; and

Autodriver, which provides a GUI for the Autopilot system and is written in Java.

Source code distributions of all the Autopilot components are available. Additional required software includes Globus, the Pablo SDDF library, JDK 1.1 or greater, and a C++ compiler with template support (i.e. GCC 2.95). Documentation includes user manuals as well as man pages for the fuzzy logic library.
[http://www-pablo.cs.uiuc.edu/Software/Autopilot/autopilot.htm]
AutoRPM: A program that can mirror RPMs from an FTP site, keep installed RPMs consistent with an FTP site or local directory, and keep installed RPMs in a cluster or network of systems consistent. A source code distribution is available as are binary RPM versions.

[http://www.kaybee.org/~kirk/html/linux.html]
autoson: A distributed batch queueing tool for scheduling processes across a network of UNIX workstations. It enables the execuation of a stream of processes in a flexible and convenient way with minimum impact on interactive users. Autoson can be compiled either in single- or multi-user mode, with the former providing the capability for a single user to execute processes on one or more workstations and the latter allowing several users to use the same queue. It can execute independent processes on heterogenous/unreliable processors, but does not provide a parallel environment allowing processes to communicate. It simply executes processes and waits for them to finish.

Autoson operates by maintaining a queuefile containing entries comprising queues of tasks that need to be performed. Each entry has a unique number and is one of six states, i.e. PENDING, HOLDING, WAITING, CURRENT, LOST, or SICK. Each entry has a large number of possible attributes controlling such things as time limits, priorities, niceness, logging, timestamping, etc. Six commands are implemented as links to the main executable autoson. These are:

auadd, which adds new entries to the queue;

aumod, which modifies existing entries;

auzap, which kills the processes running entries;

aurun, which executies entries;

aulook, which examines a queue; and

aulock, which locks the queuefile and possibly edits it.

Autoson can be seen as a simpler and easier-to-use version of Generic-NQS or DQS.
A source code distribution of autoson is available. It is written in C and supports several UNIX flavors including Sun Solaris, SGI IRIX, DEC OSF1 and Ultrix, HP-UX, and Linux. It is documented in a 38 page user's manual available in PostScript format.
[http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/bdm/autoson/]
autostatus: A network and server monitoring program designed to support large and arbitrarily complex networks of computers. The features of autostatus include:

dependency resolution wherein, given information about the path it takes to reach network segments, it will query for status in the proper order to guarantee that nothing is queried before all of the items upon which it depends have already been queried, nothing is queried if an item upon which it depends is down, and items are not incorrectly marked as down when they are simply unreachable;

parallel status gathering wherein services are intelligently grouped together for parallel testing in order to minimize the amount of time need to scan the entire network;

automatic generation of a status Web page reflecting the current network and server status on a per-item basis;

automatic email notification when the state of a monitored item changes; and

multiple service monitoring wherein it can monitor both routers/hosts via ICMP messages and specific services on machines via TCP connections.

A source code distribution of autostatus is available which uses Autoconf for compilation on a wide range of platforms including Linux.
[http://www.angio.net/consult/autostatus.html]
AutoTrace: A program for converting bitmaps to vector graphics whose goal is to be an open source replacement for CorelTrace or Adobe Streamline. The features include:

conversion of color images;

input formats including BMP, TGA, PNM, PPM, PGM, PBM and others supported by ImageMagick; and

export formats including PostScript, SVG, xfig, SWF, pstoedit, EMF and SK.

[http://homepages.go.com/homepages/m/a/r/martweb/AutoTrace.htm]
avida: A program that implements an auto-adaptive genetic system designed primarily for use as a platform for artificial life research. It is similar to Tierra in that a population of self-reproducing strings mutates with the population adapting to the combination of an intrinsic fitness landscape and an externally imposed fitness function. This differs from Tierra in that it provides:

a 2-D environment with local as opposed to global interactions to facilitate the study of localized phenomena;

flexibility in run configuration wherein a variety of time-slicing methods, mutation schemes, methods for placement of new creatures, etc. are available;

the capability of specifying fitness landscapes for goals beyond the optimization of gestation time along with the theoretical possibility for open-ended evolution; and

configurability of a wide variety of precise measurements and statistical information collection.

A source code distribution is available for UNIX systems that has been successfully compiled on most flavors.
[http://www.krl.caltech.edu/avida/home/software.html]
avifile: A project to provide a working implementation of some multimedia utilities for x86 Linux whose core involves using Win32 dynamic link libraries in a Linux environment. A key part of the project is an AVI movie player that can play DivX movies on Linux machines with reasonable performance and stability. The supported video compression and decompression formats include:

Win32 VfW DLLs;

Indeo Video 3.2, 4.1 and 5.0;

Microsoft MPEG v1 and v2 beta, v3 a.k.a. DivX, and MPEG-4 v3;

Microsoft MPEG v3 a.k.a. DivX;

Cinepak Video;

ATI VCR-2;

I263;

Win32 DirectShow filters (decompression only support);

Windows Media Video 7;

Motion JPEG (using the Morgan Multimedia shareware codec); and

various open source plug-ins.

The supported audio formats include:

Win32 ACM DLLs (decompression only);

Windows Media Audio a.k.a. DivX;

MS ADPCM;

Intel Music Code;

open source plug-ins including PCM, AC3, IMA ADPCM, MPEG Layers 1, 2 and 3, MSN Audio and GSM 6.1 audio;

Win32 DirectShow filters; and

Voxware Metasound.

[http://divx.euro.ru/]
awe: A Linux device driver for the Soundblaster AWE32/64 soundcards.
[http://www.opensource.creative.com/]
[http://members.tripod.de/iwai/awedrv.html]
awk/AWK: A pattern scanning and processing language originally designed for text processing applications, especially those in which information is structured in records and fields. It searches one or more files for a specified pattern and then performs specified actions each time it finds a match. The language was defined in Aho et al. (1988). The GNU version of this called Gawk is a superset of awk. The sample code from the book can be found in the awkbookcode subdirectory at the second URL given below.
A source code distribution of the ``one true awk'' is available at Brian Kernighan's web site (the first URL below). It is written in ANSI C and can be compiled on most UNIX flavors. It compiled right out of the box on my Linux platform. See Dougherty (1992), Dougherty and Robbins (1997), Robbins (1996) and Robbins (2000).
[http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/bwk/]
[http://www.netlib.org/research/]
Awka: An awk to C translator as well as a library against which the C code is linked.
[http://www.linuxstart.com/~awka/]
awk2c: An Awk-to-C translator based on Gawk 2.15.6. This converts Awk source code to the equivalent C source code. This is linked with a static library to create a standalone executable for the original Awk program.

[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/text/]
AwkTools: A Java regular expression package that implements the fast DFA-based pattern matching algorithms used in awk. A source code implementation of NetComponents is freely available under the terms of a non-exclusive, non-transferable limited license whose details are available at the site. This requires JDK 1.1 or higher and the related OROMatcher package. The API is documented in HTML format.
[http://www.oroinc.com/]
[http://psaweb.pisa.otm.it/archweb/develop/software/java/misc/]
aXe: A text editor which is designed to be an improvement over the xedit editor. It is built around the Athena (Xaw) text widget and features:

multiple windows and buffers;

a default menu interface with configurable menus;,

an optional configurable button interface;

a minibuffer for expert use and access to internal filters;

provision for defining a keyboard macro;

geometry specification and resizing in terms of characters;

file selection via a browser;

knowledge of line numbers and parenthesis matching;

searching with regular expressions;

restricted or unlimited undo;

a choice of several fonts;

easy entry of control codes;

an xterm-like keymap feature;

runtime setting of selected preferences or resources;

brief and comprehensive online hypertext help;

a server mode with cooperating client programs;

an optional extension language using Tcl;

optional 3-D Xaw widget compatibility; and

a collection of reusable widgets which embody the functionality of aXe.

A source code distribution of aXe is available as well as a binary for Linux Intel. It is written in C and can be compiled and used on many UNIX platforms. Use of the full feature set also requires an installation of Tcl/Tk. Documentation includes a manual in PostScript format as well as a man page.
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/X/]
AXIS: A 3-D network accessible rendering engine/browser which can be used to build shared virtual environments. The network support allows you to open a TCP/IP port and then telnet to it to control the rendering. The AXIS interpreter is multi-threaded and allows objects in the 3-D environment to have private namespaces. A language called PolyScript is used to create the environments. It was created and optimized specifically for creating and modifying 3-D objects and for binding events and messages to user interactions with those objects. It somewhat resembles PostScript in terms of syntax.

Binary distributions of AXIS are available for Linux Intel, Windows 95/NT, SGI IRIX, and Sun Solaris and SunOS platforms. It uses either OpenGL or Mesa to perform the 3-D rendering. The documentation is a bit sparse although there are the beginnings of a PolyScript manual included in the distribution.
[http://www.ikm.com/]
Aztec: An iterative library which simplifies the process of solving sparse linear systems of equations . It is intended as a tool for users who want to avoid cumbersome parallel programming details when solving large sparse linear systems on parallel computing systems. The Aztec package also includes a set of data transformation tools for the easy creation of distributed sparse unstructured matrices for parallel solution.

Aztec includes a number of Krylov iterative methods such as CG, GMRES, and BiCGSTAB. These are used in conjunction with various preconditioners such as polynomial preconditioners or domain decomposition using LU or incomplete LU factorizations within subdomains. The sparse matrix can be general although the package has been specifically designed for matrices arising from the approximation of PDEs, with the preconditioners, iterative methods, and parallelization techniques oriented towards systems arising from PDE applications.
A source code distribution of Aztec is available. It is written in ANSI C and can be compiled and used on a variety of platforms. It has been used on several parallel machines including nCUBE 2, IBM SP2, Intel Paragon, and MPI platforms. It can also be used on standard serial and vector platforms.
[http://www.cs.sandia.gov/CRF/aztec1.html]

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Manbreaker Crag 2001-03-08