Dinosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide E

Ben Creisler

Echinodon Owen 1861 "prickly tooth"*

e-KIEN-o-don (Gr. ekhinos "hedgehog (spiny animal)" + Gr. odon "tooth")* (m) Owen explains: "having reference to the almost spiny character of the larger basal serrations of the apical half of the tooth." Hugh Falconer originally suggested the name "Sauraechmodon" saw-REEK-mo-don (Gr. sauros "lizard" + Gr. aikhme "point" + Gr. odon "tooth") for the teeth. Owen wrongly reported Falconer's proposed name as "Sauraechinodon" in the 1861 formal description, and chose to abridge his colleague's supposed spelling to Echinodon instead. Falconer promptly protested authorship of the "barbarism" "Sauraechinodon." (Romer (1956) incorrectly cited "Saurechinodon" as the valid name--Echinodon is not preoccupied.) Thyreophora i.s. L. Jur. Eur.

Edmarka Bakker, Kralis, Siegwarth & Filla 1992 "for B. Edmark"

ed-MAR-ka (f) named to honor Dr. Bill Edmark, University of Colorado alumnus "who has made notable contributions to science and technology"; for a giant "torvosaurine" megalosaur informally known as "Terminator." Theropoda Carnosauria Megalosauridae L. Jur. NA. [= ?Torvosaurus]

Edmontonia Sternberg 1928 "from Edmonton"

ed-mon-TOHN-ee-a (f) named for the Late Cretaceous Edmonton Formation in Alberta Province, Canada, where the type specimen was found. Ankylosauria Nodosauridae L. Cret. NA.

Edmontosaurus Lambe 1917 "Edmonton (Formation) lizard"

ed-MON-to-SAWR-us (Edmonton + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named for the Late Cretaceous Edmonton Formation in Alberta Province, Canada, where the type specimen was found. (See additional comments at Anatotitan and Claosaurus.) Ornithopoda Hadrosauridae Hadrosaurinae L. Cret. NA.

Efraasia Galton 1973 "for E. Fraas"

e-FRAHS-ee-a (f) named to honor Eberhard Fraas (1862-1915), German vertebrate paleontologist who excavated the type material. [= Sellosaurus]

Einiosaurus Sampson 1995 "buffalo lizard"

ie-nee-o-SAWR-us (Black Feet eini "buffalo" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named to honor the Black Feet tribe, on whose land in Montana the fossils were found; referring also to the idea that ceratopsians were the "buffalo" of the Cretaceous, living in large, socially complex herds. Ceratopsia Ceratopidae Centrosaurinae L. Cret. NA.]

Elaphrosaurus Janensch 1920 "fleet lizard"

EL-a-fro-SAWR-us (Gr. elaphros "nimble, light-weight, fleet" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named for its light, slender build. Theropoda Ornithomimosauria i.s. L. Jur. Eaf. NA.

Elmisaurus Osmolska 1981 "hindfoot lizard"

EL-mi-SAWR-us (for Mongolian ölmyi "sole of the foot, hindfoot" + Gr. sauros "lizard")* (m) alluding to the coossification of the metapodials in the hindfoot, a distinctive feature. Theropoda Coelurosauria Elmisauridae L. Cret. Mongolia, NA.

Elopteryx Andrews 1913 "marsh wing"

e-LOP-ter-iks (for Gr. helos "swamp, marsh" + Gr. pteryx "wing") (f) originally identified as an advanced Cretaceous bird based on the shape of the femur: "there is reason to believe that these extinct forms approach most nearly to the Steganopodes, e.g., the cormorant..." Considered a troodontid dinosaur by some researchers, it may be a bird. Theropoda Coelurosauria ?Troodontidae L. Cret. Eur. [nomen dubium]

Elosaurus Peterson & Gilmore 1902 "marsh lizard"

EL-o-SAWR-us (for Gr. helos "marsh" (often spelled elo- in zoological and botanical names) + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) a pun on the supposed "marshy" lifestyle of sauropods and O.C. Marsh's name: the small specimen was found next to a skeleton of Marsh's famous "Brontosaurus." [= Apatosaurus (juvenile)]

Embasaurus Riabinin 1931 "Emba River (Kazakhstan) lizard"

EM-bah-SAWR-us (Emba + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named for the Emba River, near where the fossil was found in Kazakhstan. Theropoda L. Cret. CAs. [nomen dubium]

Emausaurus Haubold 1990 "EMAU lizard"

em-ow-SAWR-us (from EMAU (= Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität) + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named for Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität (EMAU) in Greifswald, the town near where the fossil was found in northern Germany. Thyreophora Scelidosauridae E. Jur. Eur.

Enigmosaurus Barsbold & Perle 1983 "enigma lizard"

ee-NIG-mo-SAWR-us (Gr. ainigma "enigma, riddle" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) alluding to an unusually constructed pelvis, based on an incomplete specimen. Segnosauria Segnosauridae L. Cret. Mongolia

Eobrontosaurus Bakker 1998 "dawn thunder lizard"

EE-oh-BRON-to-SAWR-us (Gr. eos "dawn" + Gr. bronte "thunder" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) new generic name proposed for "Apatosaurus" yahnahpin Filla & Redman 1994 to indicate its more primitive nature compared to Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus) and its earlier occurrence; based on an incomplete, partly articulated postcranial skeleton in the Tate Museum (TATE-001), collected in the Brushy Basin Member of the lower Morrison Formation in southeastern Wyoming, plus two additional partial specimens.

Bakker distinguishes Eobrontosaurus from Apatosaurus as a more primitive form: the new genus has long cervical ribs extending back beyond the length of the centra of the neck (the neck ribs are shorter in Apatosaurus) and has a "very primitive scapulo-coracoid." The coracoid is shallow and rounded rather than rectangular, while the shoulderblade has an expanded upper scapular blade, with the suture at a right-angle to the blade--features very similar to a haplocanthosaur or a camarasaur rather than to a diplodocid. The limb bones and tail vertebrae of Eobrontosaurus, however, are indistinguishable from those of Apatosaurus, indicating the two forms are closely related.

The type specimen of Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin preserved 9 pairs of thin ribs arranged in a V-shaped pattern along the underside of the chest and stomach. Filla and Redman identified the bones as gastralia that both protected the belly region and played a role in respiration.

Type species: Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin [wah-NAH-pee] (Filla & Redman 1994) "breast plate"; for Apatosaurus yahnahpin: "During the excavation, the in-place gastralia bore a striking resemblance to the ceremonial hair pipe bone breast plates worn by the Lakota Sioux (who incidentally lived and hunted in the same area where A. yahhanpin was found). In the Sioux language, the breast plate is called mah-koo yah-nah-pin, which literally means 'breast necklace.' However, to restrict the species name to three syllables, in the tradition of other apatosaurs like A. louisae and A. excelsus, only the last half of the word was used." (Filla & Redman 1994)

Sauropoda Diplodocidae Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) NA. [entry added 11-98]

Eoceratops Lambe 1915 "dawn horned face"

EE-oh-SER-a-tops (Gr. eos (= e-os) "dawn" + Gr. kerat- (keras) "horn" + Gr. ops "face") (m) "It is thought, as the name for the genus suggests, the Eoceratops was a form ancestral to Triceratops, representing an evolutionary stage of the Ceratopsia leading to the later and culminative types (Triceratops and Diceratops) with immense browhorns"; possibly a juvenile Chasmosaurus. Ceratopsia Ceratopidae Chasmosaurinae L. Cret. NA.

Eolambia Kirkland 1998 "dawn lambeosaurine"

EE-oh-LAM-bee-a (Gr. eos "dawn" + Lambe (for Lawrence M. Lambe) + -ia) (f) the name "refers to the early occurrence of this lambeosaurine and is a contraction for 'dawn lambeosaurine'"; the name was suggested by Mike Skrepnick. Eolambia is based on a partial adult skeleton with parts of a skull (CEUM 9758), plus additional adult and juvenile specimens, and possible embryos and eggs; found in the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Middle Cretaceous) east of Castle Dale, Utah. Adult skulls are long and low, up to 1 meter long, and have some features in common with lambeosaurines but lack a swollen, hollow nasal crest. The upper and lower jaws have teeth along almost their entire length without the prominent toothless gap or diastema between the cheek teeth and large slicing beak that is found in later, more advanced hadrosaurs; the lower jaw is also quite deep toward the tip. The vertebrae near the base of the tail have high neural spines, a lambeosaurine trait. The forelimbs are massive and long, while the known parts of the pelvis are more similar to those of iguanodonts than to later hadrosaurs; no current specimens preserve the pubis bone. Eolambia appears to represent a primitive, crestless lambeosaurine with some hadrosaurine-like traits, indicating that the split between the broad-beaked hadrosaurines and the hollow-crested lambeosaurines took place early in the history of the Hadrosauridae. Full-grown animals would have been in the 9 meter (30 foot) range.

Type species: Eolambia caroljonesa [kayr-ol-JONE-zuh] for Carol Jones of Salt Lake City, Utah, who discovered the fossil site.

Ornithopoda Hadrosauridae ?Lambeosaurinae Middle Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) NA. [entry added 11-98]

Eoraptor Sereno, Forster, Rogers & Monetta 1993 "dawn plunderer"

EE-oh-RAP-tor (Gr. eos (= e-os) "dawn" + Lat. raptor "plunderer")* (m) named "in reference to its primitive structure and early temporal occurrence" and "to its carnivorous habits, and grasping hand"; described as one of the earliest and most primitive dinosaurs known. Theropoda Herrerasauria Herrerasauridae L. Trias. SA.

Eotyrannus Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker & Newbery 2001 "early tyrannt"

EE-oh-ti-RAN-us (Gr. eos "dawn" + Gr. tyrannos "tyrant")* (m) named to indicate an early tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous, "in allusion to tyrannosauroids as 'tyrant dinosaurs.'" Eotyrannus is a 4-5 m (12-16 ft) long coelurosaur known from a partial skeleton of a subadult, including parts of the skull and postcranial elements (Holotype: MIWG 1997.550 (Museum of Isle of Wight Geology, Sandown)) found in the Early Cretaceous (Barremian?) Wessex Formation, Wealden Group on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The hands are long and slender and the hindlimbs are gracile, indicating a lightly built running animal that could use its forelimbs to capture prey. The D-shaped premaxillary teeth with serrated carinae, the fused nasal bones, the shape of the scapula, and other features indicate Eotyrannus is related to tyrannosaurs. However, its long neck vertebrae and long forelimbs show it must be outside the family Tyrannosauridae proper and likely represents a basal tyrannosauroid, one of the earliest known. The unfused bones in the skeleton indicate the specimen was not fully grown, and it is possible that Eotyrannus adults grew considerably larger than the holotype specimen.

Type Species: Eotyrannus lengi [LENG-ie] Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker & Newbery 2001: for Gavin Leng, a British amateur fossil collector who discovered the specimen. Theropoda Coelurosauria Maniraptoriformes Tyrannosauroidea Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Eur. [added 8-2001]

Epachthosaurus Powell 1990 "heavy lizard"

e-PAK-tho-SAWR-us (Gr. epakhthes "heavy, ponderous" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named to indicate a large sauropod from Argentina. Sauropoda Titanosauria Andesauridae L. Cret. SA.

Epanterias Cope 1878 "buttressed (vertebra)"

e-pan-TEER-ee-as (Gr. epi "upon, on" + Gr. anteris "buttress" + -ias ["characterized by"]) (m) alluding to the transverse processes for the ribs on the dorsal vertebra, which Cope says were "supported on narrow buttresses"; classified as a sauropod by Cope, it is now recognized as a giant allosaur (12 m.), possibly representing a distinct genus. Some researchers consider the sparse type material nondiagnostic. Theropoda Carnosauria Allosauridae L. Jura. NA. [= ?Allosaurus]

Erectopus von Huene 1922 "upright foot"

ee-REK-to-pus (Lat. erectus "upright, erect" + Gr. pous "foot") (m) named for the shape of the femur; "the hind leg must have been straighter than in Megalosaurus," thus the name. Theropoda Carnosauria i.s. L. Cret. Eur.

Erlikosaurus Perle 1980 "Erlik's lizard"

ER-lik-o-SAWR-us (Erlik + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) named for Erlik, Lamaist king of the dead according to a Buddhist sect in Mongolia. Segnosauria Segnosauridae L. Cret. Mongolia

Eshanosaurus Xu, Zhao & Clark 2001 "Eshan County (China) lizard"

uh-SHAH-no-SAWR-us (Eshan + Gr. sauros "lizard") named for Eshan County in Yunnan Province, southern China. Eshanosaurus is identified as a small (est. around 2 m (7 ft) long) therizinosauroid, based on an incomplete left mandibular ramus (lower jaw) with teeth (Holotype: IVPP V11579 (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing)) found in the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) Lower Lufeng Formation in Eshan County, Yunnan Province, southeastern China. The teeth have small denticles, arranged almost perpendicular to the front and back edges of the crown; the dentary has a small round fenestra in the posterior portion. The teeth differ from those of prosauropods and early ornithischians, adding support to identification of Eshanosaurus as the earliest known therizinosaur. Fossils of other therizinosaurs are only known from the Cretaceous, however, and some researchers may remain skeptical that Eshanosaurus is truly a therizinosaur until better material is found.

Type Species: Eshanosaurus deguchiianus [day- goo-chee-YAY-nus] Xu, Zhao & Clark 2001: for Hikaru Deguchi "who gave encouragement and support to [Xu Xing] in studying dinosaurs" Theropoda Coelurosauria Therizinosauroidea Early Jurassic (Hettangian) China

Eucamerotus Hulke 1872 "well chambered (vertebrae)"

YOO-kam-e-ROHT-us (Gr. eu- "good, well" + for Gr. kamarotos "chambered") (m) referring to the pneumatic chambers in the vertebrae. [= Pelorosaurus]

Eucentrosaurus Chure & McIntosh 1989 "true Centrosaurus"

yoo-SEN-tro-SAWR-us (Gr. eu- "good, true" + Centrosaurus) (m) unnecessary replacement name for supposedly preoccupied Centrosaurus Lambe. The original Centrosaurus Fitzinger 1843 was first published as a junior synonym and does not meet the requirements for an available name under the provisions of the ICZN. See additional comments at Centrosaurus. [= Centrosaurus]

Eucercosaurus Seeley 1879 "good-tailed lizard"

yoo-SEHR-ko-SAWR-us (Gr. eu- "good, true" + Gr. kerkos "tail" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) "No other Dinosaurian genus known to me has the tail vertebrae so hexagonal, compressed, and elongated as in Eucercosaurus." [= Acanthopholis]

Eucnemesaurus Hoepen 1920 "good tibia lizard"

yook-NEEM-ee-SAWR-us (Gr. eu- "good, true" + Gr. kneme "tibia, lower leg" + Gr. sauros "lizard")* (m) named for the robust construction of the tibia. Prosauropoda Plateosauridae L. Trias. SAfr. [nomen dubium]

Eucoelophysis Sullivan & Lucas 1999 "true hollow form"

yoo-SEE-lo-FIE-sis (Gr. eu "good, true" + Coelophysis (Gr. koilos "hollow" + Gr. physis "form, nature"))* (f) named to indicate a small gracile theropod closely related to Coelophysis, and based in part on material originally attributed to Coelophysis by Cope; holotype (NMMNH P-22298) is incomplete postcranial material from a subadult (vertebrae and limb elements, plus parts of a pubis, ischium, and ?ilium), found in the early 1990s along the northeast base of Orphan Mesa in the Petrified Forest Formation, Chinle Group, in the Ghost Ranch Quadrangle, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico; attributed material includes a nearly complete right pubis in the American Museum of Natural History collection found by David Baldwin in 1881, previously referred to Coelophysis longicollis by Cope. Eucoelophysis differs from Coelophysis and Syntarsus in details of the pubis, femur, and tibia, and lack of metatarsal fusion. No skull material is known so more precise relationships with other ceratosaurs cannot be determined at present.

Type Species: Eucoelophysis baldwini [BALD-win-ie] Sullivan & Lucas 1999: to honor "the 19th century fossil collector David Baldwin, who collected the original type material of Coelophysis, one element of which can now be referred to this new taxon." Ceratosauria ?Coelophysidae Late Triassic (Norian) NA. [entry added 4-99]

Euhelopus Romer 1956 "true marsh foot"

yoo-HEL-o-pus (Gr. eu "good, true" + Gr. helos "marsh" + Gr. pous "foot") (m) to replace preoccupied Helopus Wiman, a name alluding to broad-soled hind feet (resembling round Scandinavian snowshoes, also used in summer to walk on boggy ground), supposedly an indication of a swamp-living, aquatic life-style for giant sauropods. Sauropoda Euhelopodidae L. Jur. China

Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910 "well armored head"

YOO-o-plo-SEF-a-lus (Gr. eu- "good, well" + Gr. hoplon "weapon, shield" + Gr. kephale "head" + -us) (m) named for the armored plates cossified to the skull; to replace preoccupied Stereocephalus Lambe. Ankylosauria Ankylosauridae L. Cret. NA.

Euronychodon Telles Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell 1991 "European claw tooth"

yoor-o-NIK-o-don (New Lat. euro- "European" + Gr. onykh- (onyx) "claw" + Gr. odon "tooth") (m) named for teeth from Portugal that resemble those of the North American Paronychodon. Theropoda Dromaeosauridae L. Cret. Eur.

Euskelosaurus Huxley 1866 "good-legged lizard"

YOOS-kel-o-SAWR-us (Gr. eu- "good, true" + Gr. skelos "hind leg" + Gr. sauros "lizard") (m) Huxley explains: "An animal the thigh-bone of which approaches three feet in length, may be fitly said to have 'good legs,' whence I propose the generic name of Euskelesaurus [sic] for this new African reptile." Prosauropoda Plateosauridae L. Trias. SAfr.

Eustreptospondylus Walker 1964 "well curved vertebrae"*

yoo-STREP-to-SPON-di-lus (Gr. eu- "good, well" + Gr. streptos "turned, curved" + Gr. spondylos "vertebra") (m) named for a form originally identified as a species of Streptospondylus by Owen. (Streptospondylus meant "reversed vertebrae" according to von Meyer, Mantell and Owen.) Theropoda Carnosauria Eustreptospondylidae M. Jur. Eur.